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Cat Biology > 5.2 Endocrine Organs and Hormones > Flashcards

5.2 Endocrine Organs and Hormones Flashcards

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1
Q

What does the hypothalamus respond to?

A

Can respond to a variety of stimuli, from light (suprachiasmatic nucleus) to other hormones, to blood osmolarity

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2
Q

What hormones released by the hypothalamus cause the release of what hormones from the pituitary?

GnRH (Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone)
GHRH (Growth hormone-releasing hormone)
TRH (Thyroid- Releasing hormone)
CRF (Corticotropin-releasing factor)
PIF (Prolactin inhibiting Factor/Dopamine)

A

GnRH = FSH/LH
GHRH = Growth Hormone
TRH= Thyroid Stimulating Hormone
CRF = Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
PIF (Prolactin inhibiting Factor/Dopamine)- INHIBITs release of prolactin.

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3
Q

How does the posterior pituitary receive cell signals?

A

It receives signals from NEURONS, not hormones.

neurohypothysis

Posterior pituitary hormones are synthesized in the hypothalamus and secreted in the pituitary.

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4
Q

What do the following, when release cause?
Oxytocin (x2):
ADH/Vasopressin:

A

Oxytocin (x2): stimulates uterine contraction during labor, milk let down during lactation
ADH/Vasopressin: increases reabsorption of water in the collecting ducts of the kidneys.

Posterior pituitary hormones are synthesized in the hypothalamus and secreted in the pituitary.

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5
Q

What may happen if there’s a pituitary tumor?

A

It may cause the hormones released by the pituitary to not function correctly.

It may also cause lactation. Why? Because the Prolactin Inhibitory Factor from the Hypothalamus is not working, therefore, prolactin is going crazy.

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6
Q

What are the direct and tropic hormones of the anterior pituitary?

A

F FSH
L LH
A ACTH
T TSH

P Prolactin
E Endorphins
G Growth Hormones

FLAT= trophic, PEG= direct

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7
Q

What does prolactin do?
What does dopamine do?

A

Stimulate milk productions from the mammary glands.

Dopamine DECREASES the secretion

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8
Q

What does Growth Hormone do?

A

It promotes the growth of bone and muscle. Growing is energy expensive and requires a lot of glucose.

Growth hormone prevents glucose uptake in certain tissues, and stimulates the breakdown of fatty acids. This increases the availability of glucose overall

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9
Q

What can an excess of growth hormone cause?

What can abscence cause?

A

Excess can cause gigantism in young kids, or dwarfism if absent, this is only if the long bones are not sealed.

If they are sealed, they only affect smaller bones, called acromegaly. These bones are most commonly seen in hands, feet, and head.

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10
Q

What does the posterior pituitary contain?

What do they respond to?

A

ADH: responds to increased blood osmolarity
oxytocin: responds during childbirth, suckling of infant.

Posterior pituitary hormones are synthesized in the hypothalamus and secreted in the pituitary.

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11
Q

Why is oxytocin unusual?

A

Because it involves a positive feedback loop (with uterine contraction)

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12
Q

What are the two functions of the thyroid?

A
  1. sets basal metabolic rate
  2. promotes calcium homeostasis
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13
Q

What cells secrete triiodothyronine T3 and thyroxine T4?

A

Follicular cells of the thyroid.

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14
Q

What cells produce calcitonin? And what are it’s effects (x3)?

A

C-cells or parafollicular cells produce calcitonin

  1. increase calcium excretion from the kidneys
  2. Decrease calcium absorption from the gut
  3. Increase storage of calcium in the bone.

Calcitonin tones down calcium levels in the blood.

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15
Q

What does the parathyroid hormone do?

What three things does it regulate?

A

Serves as an antagonistic hormone to calcitonin, raising blood calcium levels.

Regulates: vitamin D, calcium, and phosphate

Activates vitamin D

Also increases the resorption of phosphate from the bone and reduces reabsorption from the kidney.

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16
Q

What two hormones regulate calcium?

A

Calcitonin- gets calcium out of the blood
Parathyroid- raises blood concentration of calcium

17
Q

What are two examples of glucocorticoids and how do they work?

A

Cortisol and cortisone

  1. Raise blood glucose by increasing gluconeogenesis and
  2. decreasing protein synthesis
18
Q

What ar mineralocorticoids, how do they work, and what’s an example?

A

Aldosterone.

They are involved in salt and water homeostasis, and their most profound effect is on the kidneys.

Aldosterone works to increase sodium reabsorption in the distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct.

Aldosterone decreases reabsorption of potassium.

19
Q

How are ADH and aldosterone different?

A

ADH only increasing water reabsorption

Aldosterone increases salt absorption, which increases water absorption.

20
Q

What is the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system?
What activates it?

A

Juxtaglomerular cells of the kidney secrete renin in response to hypotension.

This cleaves an inactive plasma protein, angiotensinogen, to it’s active form, angiotensin I

ACE converts angiotensin I to angiotensin II.

Angiotensin II stimulates the adrenal cortex to secrete aldosterone.

Once BP is restored, there is a decrease drive to stimulate renin release.

21
Q

What are cortical sex hormones?

A

Androgens and estrogens.

22
Q

What are the three functions of the corticosteroids?

A

The three S’s.
Salt (mineralocorticoids)
Sugar (glucocorticoids)
Sex (cortical sex hormones)

23
Q

What does the adrenal medulla produce?

A

epinephrine and norepinephrine, also known as catecholamines.

Medulla~mad = inside of adrenal glands

24
Q

What three endocrine hormones are secreted by what cells in the islets of Langerhans in the pancreas?

A

Alpha cells= glucagon
Beta Cells= insulin
Delta cells= somatostatin

25
Q

What does the secretion of glucagon do?

A

Triggers glycogenolysis, glucogenesis, and degradation of protein and fat.

26
Q

What does insulin do?

A
  1. Stimulate liver and muscle cells to take up glucose and store it for glycogen.
  2. It also simulates anabolic processes such as fat and protein synthesis.
27
Q

What does somatostatin do?

A

It is an inhibitor of both insulin and glucagon secretion.

It is also produced by the hypothalamus, where it decreases growth hormone secretion in addition to its effects on insulin and glucagon.

28
Q

What is the pineal gland and what does it do?

A

It secretes the hormone melatonin, which may help in circadian rhythms.

29
Q

What does the atrial natiuretic peptide do?

A

It helps regulate salt and water balance.

It is released from the stretching of the atria in the heart.

Promotes excretion of sodium and increases urine volume.

It is antagonistic to aldosterone.

It has NO effect on blood osmolarity.

30
Q

What does thymosin do?

A

It is important for proper t-cell development and differentiation.

31
Q

What is produced by the adrenal cortex? Adrenal Medulla?

A

Medulla = catecholamines
Cortex = mineralocorticoids, androgens, cortisol

Cat Biology (35 decks)

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