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Cat Biology > 1. The Cell > Flashcards

1. The Cell Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are four tenants of cell theory?

A
  1. all living things are composed of cells
  2. cell is basic functional unit of life
  3. Cells arise only from preexisting cells
  4. Cells carry genetic information with DNA, and pass from parent to daughter cell.
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2
Q

Are viruses considered living organisims? Why?

A

No, because they violate two rules of the cell theory:
3. Cells arise only from preexisting cells
4. Cells carry genetic information with DNA, and pass from parent to daughter cell.
They can only replicate by invading another organism, and use RNA

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3
Q

What is the importance of hydrogen peroxide to cellular function?

A

You need it in the lysosome to break down things, like long fatty acid chains via beta oxidation.

Also help with some of the synthesis of phospholipids.

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4
Q

What is the difference between eukaryotic cells and prokaryotic cells?

A

Eukaryotic: contain a true nucleus, can be one or more cells, and have membrane bound organelles.

Prokaryotic: no nucleus, always 1 cell, no membrane organelles

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5
Q

T or F
Most organells are membrane bound in eukaryotic cells?

A

True

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6
Q

Why is the phosphlipid bilayer unique?

A
  1. Surface is hydrophilic, while its inner portion is hydrophobic, which helps it to provide a highly selective barrier between the interior of the cell and the external environment. selectively permeable
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7
Q

What does the cytosol do?

A

Allow for the diffusion of molecules throughout the cell.

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8
Q

Explain the relationship between the nucleus, DNA, and chromosome.

A

DNA is in the nucleus.
A chromosome is tightly bound DNA.

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9
Q

How do eukaryotic cells reproduce?

A

mitosis.

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10
Q

What is the nucleolus?
Where is it located?
What does it do?

A

It’s in the nucleus.
It’s where the ribosomal RNA (rRNA) is synthesized.
Takes of 25% volume of the nucleus.

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11
Q

What are the parts of the mitochondria?
Outer membrane
Inner membrane
Cristae
Intermembrane space vs Matrix

A

Outer membrane- barrier between cytosol and inner environment of mitochondrion

Inner membrane- numerus infoldings called cristae which contains the enzymes of the electron transport chain.

Intermembrane Space- between inner and outter membrane

Matrix- space inside the inner membrane.

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12
Q

Why are cristae important?

A

because they really increase the surface area available for the electron transport chain.

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13
Q

Why are mitocondria unique?

A

They are semi-autonomous
Replicate independently from nucleus via binary fission

Can induce apoptosis and kill cell by releasing enzymes from the ETC (electron transport chain).

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14
Q

What is cytoplasmic or extranuclear inheritance?

A

This is the transmission of genetic material independent of the nucleus.

The mitochondria have their own DNA, it is circular

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15
Q

What are endosomes?

A

They transport, package, and sort cell material traveling to and from the membrane. They can transport to the cell membrane or to the lysosome to destroy.

Wikipedia: An endocytic vacuole through which molecules internalized during endocytosis pass en route to lysosomes

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16
Q

What is the function of smooth ER (x3) vs Rough ER? (endoplasmic reticulum?

A

Smooth
1. lipid synthesis (phospholipid in the cell membrane),
2. detoxification of certain drugs and poisons,
3. transports proteins from the rough ER to the Golgi apparatus.

Rough= makes proteins.

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17
Q

What does the golgi apparatus do?

A

Takes products from the smooth ER, and modifies them into carbohydrates, phosphates, and sulfate.

They package them in vesicles, and send them to the correct location whether it is inside the cell or outside the cell.

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18
Q

What is exocytosis?

A

When something is released outside of the cell.

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19
Q

What are peroxisomes?
What do they contain?
What do they do? (x3)

A

Contain hydrogen peroxide

1, Break down long fatty acids via beta oxidation
2. They participate in some synthesis of phospholipids
3. Helpful in the pentose phosphate pathway

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20
Q

What are the functions of the cytoskeleton?

A
  1. maintain cell shape
  2. Helps transport materials around the cells.
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21
Q

What are three components of the cytoskeleton?

A
  1. Microfilaments- made of actin and myosin
  2. microtubules- contain tubulin. kindesin, dynein, cilia, and flagella.
  3. intermediate filaments.
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22
Q

What component of the cytoskeleton is involved cytokinesis (division of materials between daughter cells)?

A

Microfilaments. cleavage furrow is formed from microfilaments during cytokinesis in mitosis. The actin contracts, and pinches off the connection between the two cells.

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23
Q

Tell me about microtubules…
What is the primary protein that they contain?
What are two primary motor proteins?
What structures are composed of microtubules?

A

Contain tubulin.
Create pathways for motor proteins such as kinesin and dynein to carry vesicles.
Contribute to cilia and flagella in eukaryotes
Cilia are along the surface of the cell, and move substances, flagella are involved in the movement of the cell itself.

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24
Q

What kind of structure do flagella and cilia have?
What are they made out of?

A

9+ 2 structure= 9 pairs of microtubules in outer ring, two microtubules in center.

Made out of microtubules.

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25
Q

What are centrioles and what are they involved in?
What are they made out of?
What is their structure?
What do they attach to chromosomes with

A

They are found in the centrosome involved in cell division
Structured as nine triplets of microtubules

The centrosome is just all the centrioles, and microtubules all together.

Help do organize the mitotic spindle

They attach to the chromosomes via complexes called kinetochores and force the sister chromatids apart.

26
Q

What are intermediate filaments?

A

Diverse group of proteins (i.e. keratin, desmin, vimentin, lamin)
Help with overall structure integrity of the cytoskeleton.
Help with cell to cell adhesion
help to anchor organelles

27
Q

What are the four types of tissue?

A
  1. epithelial
  2. Connective
  3. muscle
  4. nevous.
28
Q

What holds epithelial tissue together?
What part of the organ do epithelial cells generally form?

A

Basement membrane holds them together
Generally for the parenchyma or functional part of the organ

May be polarized, in that one side faces a lumen or outside world and the other faces blodo vessel.

29
Q

What are the three different types and layers of epithelial cells?

A
  1. simple (one layer)
  2. stratified (multiple layers)
  3. pseudostratified (multiple layers)

Types: cuboidal, columnar, and squamous

30
Q

What’s the function of connective tissue?
What part of the organ to they make up?

A

Supports the body and provides a framework for the epithelial cells to carry tout their function.
Stroma or support structure
Examples: bone, catilage, tendons, ligaments

31
Q

What do connective tissues general secrete and for what?

A

Secrete collagen and elastin to form the extracellular matrix.

32
Q

What are the three overarching domains that all life is classified into?

A
  1. Archaea, bacteria, and Eukarya
    Archaea and bacteria are prokaryotes.
33
Q

Tell me about archea..
where do they live?
Who are they similar to?

A

Live in extreme areas, extremophiles
Genetically similar to eukarya
They are resourcesful, and can use alternative energy sources

34
Q

What structures do bacteria have (i.e. appendages?)? Some have?

A

Flagella or fimbriae, like cilia, which are the target of some drugs.

35
Q

What are some examples of the mutalistic symobiosis of bacteria and human cells?

A

Some bacteria produce vitamin K and biotin
They prevent the overgrowth of some harmful bacteria

36
Q

Why can’t obligate anaraobes be exposed to oxygen?

A

Because oxygen leads to the production of reactive oxygen containing radicles which leads to cell death.

37
Q

What are facultative anaerobes?

What are aerotolerant anaerobes?

A

Facultative- They can toggle between oxygen for aerobic metabolism and anaerobic metabolism in the absence of oxygen.

Aerotolerant- cannot use oxygen for metabolism, but doesn’t kill them either.

38
Q

What are the cell wall of prokaryotes?
What does it do?
What’s the envelope?

A

The cell wall is the outer barrier, and the cell membrane is the inner membrane (composed of phospholipids).

Envelope = Cell wall + cell membrane

39
Q

What is peptidoglycan, lipoteichoic acid, and lipopolysacchaides?

What do they have to do with the cell wall?

A

Peptidoglycan + lipoteichoic acid + lipopolysaccharides- amino acids and sugars, protects against host immunity.

Lipoteichoic acid and lipopolysaccharides can also activate the host immune system

40
Q

What is different about the cell wall of gram-positive vs gram negative?

A

Positive- thick cell wall, composed of peptidoglycan and lipoteichoic acid

Negative- thin cell wall composed of peptidoglycan and an outer membrane containing phospholipids and lipopolysaccharides.

41
Q

How is the cell wall related to the gram positive and negative?

A

Gram positive= absorbs violet stain
Gram negative= absorbs the safranin counterstain, and becomes pink

42
Q

What is the periplasmic space in bacteria?

A

A space that separates the cell wall of the bacteria and the cell membrane

43
Q

What is chemotaxis?

A

This is when a cell detects a chemical stimuli and can move towards or away from it.

44
Q

What are the parts of the flagella?
A: filament, basal body, hook

A

The fillament is a hollow, helical structure composed of flagellin.
The basal body anchors the flagellum to the cytoplasmic membrane
Can rotate at rates of up to 300 hz per hour.
The hook connects the filament to the basal body

45
Q

What is the nucleoid region in prokarytoes?

A

Where the DNA is concentrated. They don’t have a nucleus, so they have to concentrate somewhere
DNA is carried on a single, circular chormome

46
Q

What are plasmids?

A

Smaller circular structures that carry DNA from external structures, DNA that is not necessary for survival, but may be beneficial, like give information for antibiotic resistance.

47
Q

Do prokaryotes have mitochondria?
Do they have ribosomes?

A

No mitochondria, they use the cell membrane for the ETC to generate ATP
Yes ribosomes, but smaller than eukaryotes

48
Q

What does penicillin target?
Is this in gram positive or negative bacteria?

A

Peptoglycan in the cell wall of bacteria, causing it to break, and then osmosis kills the bacteria.
Gram positive- they have much more peptoglycan

49
Q

How does the structure of eukaryotic and prokaryotic flagella differ?

A

Prokaryote: filament (composed of flagellin), basal body, hook

Eukaryote: 9+ 2 structure composed of tubulin

50
Q

IN what ways are archaea similar to bacteria? (x3)
In what ways are Archaea similar to Eukaryotes? (x3)

A

Archaea/Bacteria: 1.) circular chromosome, 2.) divide by binary fission, 3.) and similar structure

Archaea=Eukaryotes: 1.) both start translation with methionine, 2.) contain similar RNA polymerases, and 3.) DNA is associated with histones

51
Q

What are three common shapes of bacteria? (x3)

A

Cocci, bacilli, and spirilli (syphilis)

52
Q

Describe the mechanism of transformation for bacterial genetic recombination?

A

Integration of foreign genetic material into the host genome
Generally happens when one bacteria lyses, and spills their contents in the vicinity of a bacteria capable of transformation
Common in gram negative rods.

53
Q

Describe the mechanism of conjugation for bacterial genetic recombination?

Key words: conjugation bridge, sex pili, donors, sex factors

A

Bacterial form of mating.

Two cells form a conjugation bridge called sex pili
To form the sex pili, they must have a sex factor that contain the necessary genes to make the pili

The transfer is unidirectional, the donor male (+) to the recipient (-) female

Allows for rapid transfer of resistance or virulence factors

54
Q

Describe the mechanism of transduction for bacterial genetic recombination?

A

Requires vector, a virus, that carries genetic material from one bacteria to another.
When it inserts its genetic information, it is included in the host cell.

Transduction= from virus
Transformation= particles laying around.

TrasDUCTion= a duct forms from the virus inserting the DNA into the bacteria

55
Q

What are the four phases of the bacterial growth curve? What are the features of each phase?

A
  1. Lag phase- they adapt
  2. exponential phase/log phase- they adapted and really enjoying life
  3. Stationary phase- because there are fewer resources, reproduction slows.
  4. Death phase- depletion of resources so cannot continue.
56
Q

How do prokaryotes differ from eukaryotes?

(hint- reproduction and genetic material)

A

Prokaryotes reproduce using binary fission

Prokaryotes can also use genetic material from outside of the cell

57
Q

Describe binary fission.

A

Form of asexual production in prokaryotes.
Circular chromosome attaches to cell wall, and replicates.
Eventually, there’s invagination, and then there is a daughter cell.
It can happen quickly, within 20 minutes.

58
Q

What do plasmids contain?

A

Genes that may be beneficial, such as those for antibiotic resistance.
Also virulence factors, or traits that increase pathogenicity, like toxins

They have to increase bacteria diversity and permits evolution

59
Q

What are episomes?

A

They are a subset of plasmids in the bacteria that are able to integrate into the genome

60
Q

What are transposons?

A

genetic elements capable of inserting and removing themselves from the genome.

Can happen in both eukaryotes and prokaryotes.

Cat Biology (35 decks)

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