2.1 HY The cell cycle and Mitosis Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the four phases of mitosis?

A

? Interphase
Prophase- chromatin condenses, spindle forms
Metaphase- chromosomes align
Anaphase- sister chromatids separate
Telophase- new nuclear membranes form

I peed on the mat.

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2
Q

What are the five phases of the cell cycle and the major events in each?

A

G0- The cell is simply living and carrying out function without any preparation for division.
G1- Presynthetic Gap- create organelles for energy and protein production and increase their size.
S-Synthesis of DNA- the cell replicates its genetic material so that each daughter cell will have identical copies
G2- Post synthetic Gap Phase- cell passes through quality control checkpoint, to ensure that there are no errors that will be passed to their progeny
M- Mitosis- divided into four phases- prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase.

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3
Q

What are chromatids?
What stage of the cell cycle do they occur in?

A

They are the chromosome that has been duplicated.
Each chromatid has a complete double-stranded molecule of DNA.
Sister chromatids are identical copies of each other.
Occur in S phase (synthesis of DNA)
They are held together by the centromere

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4
Q

What parts of the cell cycle are known as interphase?

A

G1, S, G2

Interphase is the longest part of the cell cycle

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5
Q

What is the difference between diploid cells and haploid cells?

A

Diploid (2n)= they contain two copies of each chromosome
Haploid (n)= contain only one copy of each chromosome

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6
Q

Can you see the chromosomes in interphase?

A

No, because they are in a condensed form called chromatin

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7
Q

Can you see the chromosomes in interphase?

A

No, because they are in a condensed form called chromatin

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8
Q

Can you see the chromosomes in interphase?

A

No, because they are in a condensed form called chromatin

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9
Q

What is cytokinesis?

A

Splitting of the cytoplasm and the organelles between two daughter cells.

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10
Q

Where are the two checkpoints in the cell cycle?

A

Between G1 and S phase
Between G2 and M phase

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11
Q

What does the protein p53 do in the cell cycle?

A

Proteins responsible for the checkpoints in the cell cycle.

Between G1 and S phase
Between G2 and M phase

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12
Q

What does transcription factors do in the cell cycle?

A

They promote transcripción of genes required for the next stage of the cell cycle

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13
Q

What are cyclins and cyclin dependent Kinases (CDK) in the cell cycle?

A

Cyclins increase and decrease during specific stages of the cell cycle.
CKS require the presence of right cyclins.
Cyclins bind the the CDKs, creating a CDK cyclin complex, which can then phosphorylate transcription factors.

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14
Q

How can mitosis be described?

A

Is the process by which two identical daughter cells are created from a single cell.

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15
Q

What happens during prophase?

A

In essence, the chromosome condense, and the spindle forms.

  1. Chromatin condenses into chromosomes
  2. Centriole pairs separate and move to opposite poles of the cell
  3. Centrioles form spindle fibers (made of microtubules)
  4. The nuclear membrane dissolves, so the spindle fibers can contact the chromosome on the kinetochores
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16
Q

What happens during metaphase?

A

In essence, the chromosomes align.

  1. The kinetochore fibers interact with the fibers of the spindle apparatus and align at the metaphase plate
17
Q

What happens during anaphase?

A

In essence, the sister chromatids separate

The centromeres split, so that each chromatid has its own distinct centromere, allowing with sister chromatids to separate.
They sister chromatids are pulled toward the opposite poles of the cell by the shortening of the kinetochore fibers.

18
Q

What happens in telophase?

A

In essence, a new nuclear membrane forms.

Opposite of prophase.
The spindle apparatus dissappears.
A nuclear membrane reforms around each set of chromosomes, and the nucleoli reappear.
The chromosomes uncoil

19
Q

What happens in cytokinesis?

A

Occurs at the end of telophase, and is the separation of the cytoplasm and organelles, giving each daughter cell enough material to survive on its own.