11.2 The skeletal System Flashcards
What is the difference between axial sekeleton and appendicular skeleton?
Axial: Skill, vertebral column, rib cage, and hyoid bone
Appendicular: everything else like arms and legs, pectoral girdle (scapula and clavicle)
What are the two bone structures?
Compact bone: dense and strong
Spongy/Cancellous Bone: contains trabeculations with red and yellow marrow.
What is the diaphyses?
Metaphyses?
Epiphyses?
diaphyses: The long, cylindrical shafts
Metaphyses: part between the diaphyses and epiphyses
Epiphyses? end of the bone.
What does the epiphyseal growth plate do?
It is a cartilaginous structure and is the site of longitudinal growth.
What is the purpose of the periosteum?
Serves to protect the bone and is the site for muscle attachment.
Helps with bone repair.
What’s the difference between tendons and ligaments?
Tendons: Attach muscle to bone
Ligaments: hold bones together at joints
What is the bone matrix?
It gives compact bones its strength.
Contains both organic and inorganic components.
These come together to form hydroxyapatite crystals.
What are osteons or Haversian systems?
These are the structural units of the osteon.
What are lamellae?
They are concentric circles of bony matrix that surround a central microscopic channel
What are Haversian canals?
They are longitudinal channels, with an axis parallel to the bone.
What are Volkmann’s canals?
They are perpendicular to the axis of the bone, and contain the blood vessel, nerve fibers, lymph vessels that maintain the healthy bone.
What are the lacunae?
They small spaces between the lamellar rings that house the osteocytes.
What are canaliculi?
They are tiny channels that interconnect the lacunae and allow for the exchange of nutrients and wastes between osteocytes and Haversian and Volkmann’s Canals.
What are canaliculi?
They are tiny channels that interconnect the lacunae and allow for the exchange of nutrients and wastes between osteocytes and Haversian and Volkmann’s Canals.
What’s the difference between osteoblasts and osteoclasts?
Osteoblasts: build bone
Osteoclasts: resident macrophage, resorb bone.
They result in constant turnover of bone
What hormones play a role in bone reabsorption?
- Parathyroid
- Vitamin D, promotes bone resorption (increases calcium)
- Calcitonin- promotes bone formation, lowering calcium levels.
What hormones play a role in bone reabsorption?
- Parathyroid
- Vitamin D, promotes bone resorption (increases calcium)
- Calcitonin- promotes bone formation, lowering calcium levels.
What is the matrix of cartilage made out of and what type of cell produces it?
Chondrin
Chondrocytes produce it
Cartilage is NOT innervated and does NOT have blood supply.
What is the process called of hardening of cartilage into bone?
Endochondral calcification.
Responsible for formation of long bones in the body.
What is intramembranous ossification?
Where do we see this?
Undifferentiated embryonic connective tissue (mesenchymal tissue) is transformed into and replace by bone.
This occurs in the skull.
What does the synovial capsule do?
Where is the synovium in relation to the capsule?
It encloses the actual joint activity.
The synovium is right inside the synovial capsule and makes the synovial fluid.
What does the articular capsule do?
Contributes to the joint by coating the articular surfaces of the bones so that impact is restricted to lubricated joint cartilage, rather than to the bones.
What is the difference between the origin and insertion site in regards to muscles?
Origin- end of the muscle with a larger attachment to bone (usually proximal connection)
Insertion- the end with the smaller attachment to bone (usually the distal connection)
What’s the difference between antagonistic and synergistic pairs of muscles?
Antagonistic: One relaxes while the other contracts (bicep and triceps)
Synergistic: work together to accomplish the same task.
What is flexor and extension?
Flexor: decrease the angle across a joint.
Extensor: increases or straightens this angle
What part of the bone contributes most to linear growth?
Growth plates in the epiphyses
What chemical forms most of the inorganic component of the bone?
Hydroxyapatite crystals
