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MED 103- BIOLOGY I > 51. REPRODUCTION AND CHROMOSOMAL INHERITANCE > Flashcards

51. REPRODUCTION AND CHROMOSOMAL INHERITANCE Flashcards

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1
Q
  1. What distinguishes living organisms from any kind of other organism?
A
  • their ability to reproduce their own kind
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2
Q
  1. How do offspring acquire genes from their parents?
A
  • they inherit chromosomes from them
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3
Q
  1. What is Asexual Reproduction?
A
  • a single individual will pass its genes to its offspring
  • it does this without the fusion of gametes
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4
Q
  1. What is a Clone?
A
  • it is a group of genetically identical individuals
  • they all come from the same parent
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5
Q
  1. What is Sexual Reproduction?
A
  • two parents give rise to offspring
  • these offspring have unique combinations of genes
  • these genes are inherited from both parents
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6
Q
  1. What is Sexual Reproduction that happens by Fertilisation?
A
  • this is the union of the gametes
  • these are the sperm and the egg
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7
Q
  1. Which process produces the gametes?
A
  • Meiosis
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8
Q
  1. What is the Zygote?
A
  • it is a fertilised egg
  • it has 1 set of chromosomes from each parent
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9
Q
  1. What does the Zygote produce?
A
  • it produces Somatic Cells
  • it does this through Mitosis
  • this zygote then develops into an adult
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10
Q
  1. What is the Greek translation of the word “Meiosis”?
A
  • Reduction
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11
Q
  1. What happens during Meiosis?
A
  • this is the reduction of the chromosome number
  • it is reduced by a half
  • this produces haploid cells
    (n chromosomes)
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12
Q
  1. What happens after fertilisation to the chromosome number of the Zygote?
A
  • the zygote becomes diploid (2n)
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13
Q
  1. What are the 2 types of Cells in the human body?
A
  1. Somatic Cells
  2. Gametes
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14
Q
  1. What are Somatic Cells?
A
  • they are any cells in the body that are not the gametes
  • they have two sets of 23 chromosomes
  • these cells are diploid cells
    ∴ there are 46 chromosomes in Total
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15
Q
  1. What are Gametes?
A
  • they are the sperm and the egg cells
  • they have one set of chromosomes
  • they are haploid cells
    ∴ there are 23 chromosomes in tootal
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16
Q
  1. What is a Karyotype?
A
  • an ordered display of pairs of chromosomes
  • they come from the cell
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17
Q
  1. What are Homologous Chromosomes (Homologs) ?
A
  • they are the 2 chromosomes in each pair
  • they are the same length
  • they are the same shape
  • they carry genes that control the same inherited
    characteristic
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18
Q
  1. When are Homologous Chromosomes found?
A
  • during Meiosis
19
Q
  1. Though Homologous Chromosomes have the same genes, what is different about them?
A
  • they carry different alleles of those genes
20
Q
  1. What is found in each Homologous Chromosome?
A
  • one homologous chromosome is inherited from the
    father
  • this is known as the Paternal Homolog
  • one homologous chromosome is inherited from the
    mother
  • this is known as the Maternal Homolog
  • one allele is inherited from the father
  • one allele is inherited from the mother
21
Q
  1. What is the Human Karyotype?
A
  • an individual’s complete set of chromosomes

EACH SOMATIC CELL:
- gives us 44 autosomes
∴ 22 pairs

THERE ARE THEN 2 SEX CHROMOSOMES:
- XX (if the person is female)
- XY (if the person is male)

TOTAL CHROMOSOME NUMBER:
- 46 chromosomes

22
Q
  1. What are Autosomes?
A
  • they are any chromosome other than the sex
    chromosomes
  • they are the chromosomes that do not determine the
    sex
23
Q
  1. What does the Human Karyotype consist of?
A
  • 22 pairs of autosomes
  • 1 pair of sex chromosomes
24
Q
  1. What are Sex Chromosomes?
A
  • they are the chromosomes that determine the sex of
    an individual
  • they determine the sex of the individual
  • these are called the X and Y chromosomes
25
Q
  1. What does the Homologous pair of Sex Chromosomes for human females look like?
A
  • it has 2 X chromosomes (XX)
26
Q
  1. What does the Homologous pair of Sex Chromosomes for human males look like?
A
  • they have one X Chromosome
  • they have one Y Chromosome
  • this is an XY
  • this is not a Homologous Pair
27
Q
  1. What two sets of chromosomes does the Human Somatic Cell have?
A
  • it has 2 sets of 23 chromosomes
  • 1 set of 23 maternal chromosomes from the mother
  • 1 set of 23 paternal chromosomes from the father
28
Q
  1. What does each replicated chromosome after DNA replication consist of?
A
  • 2 identical sister chromatids
29
Q
  1. What happens with the gonads at Sexual Maturity?
A
  • they produce haploid gametes
  • these are called the egg and the sperm cells
  • they are produced in the ovaries and the testes
30
Q
  1. What do gametes (sperm and egg) consist of?
A
  • they contain a single set chromosomes
  • they are haploid (n) cells
  • the haploid number is 23 chromosomes for humans

EACH SET OF 23 CHROMOSOMES CONSISTS OF:
- 22 autosomes
- 1 sex chromosome

31
Q
  1. What sex chromosome is found in the egg?
A
  • an X sex chromosome
32
Q
  1. What sex chromosome is found in the sperm?
A
  • either an X or a Y sex chromosome

DURING MEIOSIS:
- half the sperm cells will receive an X chromosome
- the other half of the sperm cells will receive a Y
chromosome

33
Q
  1. What happens with Fertilisation and Meiosis during Sexual Reproduction?
A
  • fertilisation and meiosis alternate in the sexual life
    cycles
  • they do this to maintain the chromosome number
34
Q
  1. What do the three main types of Sexual Life cycles in Eukaryotes depend on?
A
  • they depend on the timing between Meiosis and
    Fertilisation
35
Q
  1. What happens with the gametes during Animal Sexual Life Cycles?
A
  • gametes are the only haploid cells
  • they are the only cell type produced by Meiosis
  • gametes undergo no further cell division before
    fertilisation
  • gametes fuse to form a diploid zygote that divides by
    Mitosis
  • this develops into a multicellular organism
36
Q
  1. Which cells divide by Mitosis in animal cells?
A
  • only the diploid cells
37
Q
  1. In plant, algae, protists and fungi organisms, which cells divide by Mitosis?
A
  • haploid and diploid cells
  • these can divide by Mitosis
38
Q
  1. Which are the only kinds of cells that can undergo Meiosis in all orgamisms?
A
  • only the diploid cells
  • haploid cells cannot undergo Meiosis
39
Q
  1. How does Genetic Variation happen through Sexual Reproduction?
A

MEIOSIS:
- the halving of chromosomes

FERTILISATION:
- doubling of chromosomes

  • this all contributes to Genetic Variation in offspring
40
Q
  1. What process precedes Meiosis?
A
  • the replication of Chromosomes
  • this happens during DNA replication
  • which takes place during the S Phase
41
Q
  1. How many sets of Cell Divisions are there for Meiosis?
A
  • 2
  • Meiosis I
  • Meiosis II
42
Q
  1. What do the 2 sets of Cell Divisions of Meiosis result in?
A
  • 4 daughter cells

MITOSIS:
- only produces 2 daughter cells

43
Q
  1. How many chromosomes does the daughter cell have after Meiosis?
A
  • the daughter cell has half as many chromosomes as
    the parent cell
  • the cells are Haploid

MED 103- BIOLOGY I (53 decks)

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