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MED 103- BIOLOGY I > 18. CYTOPLASMIC MOTOR PROTEINS > Flashcards

18. CYTOPLASMIC MOTOR PROTEINS Flashcards

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1
Q
  1. What do Microtubules react with to produce motility?

MOTILITY: the ability of a microorganism to move independently using metabolic energy

A
  • motor proteins
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2
Q
  1. Where can Vesicles travel along?
A
  • the network of fibres
  • these are provided by the Cytoskeleton
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3
Q
  1. What do Motor Proteins do?
A
  • they transport cellular cargo toward the opposite ends of mictrotubule
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4
Q
  1. What are the two types of Cytoplasmic Motor Proteins?
A
  • Dynein
  • Kinesin
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5
Q
  1. What is Dynein?
A
  • it is a motor protein
  • it is involved in the transport from the periphery to the cell centre
  • it retrogrades to the microtubule
    (it is directed against the microtubule)
    (from the positive end to the negative end)
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6
Q
  1. What is Kinesin?
A
  • it is a motor protein
  • it is involved in the transport from the cell centre to the periphery
  • it anterogrades to the mictrotubule
  • (it is directed towards the mictrotubule)
  • (from the negative end to the positive end)
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7
Q
  1. What are the Cilia and the Flagella?
A
  • they are permanent locomotor appendages
  • they are found on some eukaryotic cells
  • they contain specialised arrangements of microtubules
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8
Q
  1. What are two characteristics of the Flagella?
    Give an example.
A
  • IN EUKARYOTES:
    - they are typically found as a single flagellum per
    cell
  • they have a snakelike motion

EG: sperm cells

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9
Q
  1. What are two characteristics of Cilia?
    Give three examples.
A
  • there are typically a lot of cilia per cell
  • they have a back and forth motion

EG: Trachea cells, protists, fallopian tubes

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10
Q
  1. What do Cilia and Flagella share?
A
  • they share a common ultrastructure
  • THE ULTRASTRUCTURE:
    • consists of the axoneme
    • it is surrounded by the plasma membrane
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11
Q
  1. What is the Axoneme?
A
  • it is the central strand of a cilium or flagellum
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12
Q
  1. What is the axoneme composed of?
A
  • microtubules
  • 9 pairs
  • they are found around 2 single central ones
  • 9 + 2 arrangement
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13
Q
  1. What are two types of axonemal proteins?
A
  • Dynein
  • Nexin
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14
Q
  1. What is Dynein?
A
  • these are the motor proteins responsible for motility
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15
Q
  1. What is Nexin?
A
  • these are the motor proteins that connect the mictrotubule doublets (pairs) between them
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16
Q
  1. What is the Basal Body?
A
  • it is a protein structure
  • it is found at the base of a eukaryotic cilium/flagellum
17
Q
  1. What does a Basal Body consist of?
A
  • it consists of 9 triplets of microtubules
    (like centrioles)
18
Q
  1. Provide labels for number 1-6 of the Cilia/Flagellum structure.
A

1= Axoneme

2= Cell Membrane

3= Intraflagellar Transport

4= Basal Body

5= Cross Section of the Flagella

6= Microtubule triplets of the basal body

19
Q
  1. What is the function of the Axonemal Dynein?
A
  • it is responsible for the bending movement of the cilia and the flagella
  • it links the peripheral 9 mictrotubule doublets
  • it is similar to Cytosolic Dynein
  • it is larger than Cytosolic Dynein
20
Q
  1. What kind of activity does the Axonemal Dynein have?
A
  • it has ATPase activity
  • this means that ATP hydrolysis occurs
  • this gives energy to the flagella and cilia so that they can
    bend
21
Q
  1. What causes the bend to begin at the base of the cilium or flagellum?
A
  • the localised and synchronised activation of many dynein arms
  • the direction of this movement is:
    - from the base of the cilia/flagellum outwards to the tip
22
Q
  1. What motion does the successive bends of flagella/cilia result in?
A
  • wavelike motion
23
Q
  1. What is the function of Cytosolic Kinesin?
A
  • the vesicles and the organelles transport from the cell centre TO the periphery
  • they anterograde to the microtubule
  • from the negative end to the positive end
24
Q
  1. What is the function of Cytosolic Kinesin?
A
  • the vesicles and the organelles transport from the cell centre TO the periphery
  • they anterograde to the microtubule
  • from the negative end to the positive end
25
Q
  1. What is the function of Cytosolic Dynein?
A
  • the vesicles and the organelles are transported from the periphery to the cell centre
  • they retrograde to the microtubule
  • from the positive end to the negative end
26
Q
  1. What is the function of the Axonemal Dynein?
A
  • it causes the movement of cilia and flagella
  • it is only found on the axonemal microtubules
27
Q
  1. What is the function of the Spindle Kinesin?
A
  • mitotic spindle assembly
  • chromosome segregation during cell division
28
Q
  1. What do all Motor proteins have?
A
  • they have ATPase activity
  • they go through ATP Hydrolysis
  • they produce energy used for motility
29
Q
  1. What is the structure of the Cilia?
A
  • 9 + 2 arrangement
  • 9 doublets
  • 2 central microtubules
30
Q
  1. What is the structure of Flagella?
A
  • 9 + 2 arrangement
  • 9 doublets
  • 2 central microtubules
31
Q
  1. What is the structure of the Centriole?
A
  • 9 + 0 arrangement
  • 9 doublets
  • 0 central mictrotubules
32
Q
  1. What is the structure of the Basal Body?
A
  • 9 + 0 arrangement
  • 9 doubles
  • 0 central microtubules
33
Q
  1. What is the structure of the Centrosome?
A
  • 2 centrioles placed at right angles to each other
34
Q
  1. What does an Actin Microfilament consist of?
A
  • actin protein monomers
  • it has 2 twisted chains of actin polymers
35
Q
  1. What are the functions of Actin Filaments?
A
  • they support the cell shape
    EG: the microfilaments that make up the microvilli core of
    the intestinal cells
  • cell motility
36
Q
  1. How do Actin Filaments encourage Cell Motility?
A
  • they form pseudopodia
  • this allows for cell movement
  • it also allows for phagocytosis (in the amoeba)
  • it is part of the actin-myosin contractile system
  • this is found in the muscle cells
37
Q
  1. What does the Actin-Myosin Contractile system result in the muscle cells?
A
  • it results in the contraction of the muscle cells

MED 103- BIOLOGY I (53 decks)

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