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MED 103- BIOLOGY I > 19. AMOEBOID MOVEMENT > Flashcards

19. AMOEBOID MOVEMENT Flashcards

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1
Q
  1. What happens when the filaments move in the direction of the cell movement?
A
  • the cell lengthens
    (polymerises)
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2
Q
  1. What happens when the filaments move in the opposite direction of the cell movement?
A
  • the cells shorten
    (depolymerise)
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3
Q
  1. What is Pseudopodia?
A
  • these are the transient locomotor appendages
  • they are the temporary motility appendages
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4
Q
  1. What is Cytoplasmic Streaming?
A
  • it is another form of locomotion
  • it is created by microfilaments
  • it is the directed flow of cytosol and organelles
  • they flow around the central vacuoles
  • this is found in large fungal cells
  • it is also found in plant cells
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5
Q
  1. What is an example of an Actin monomer?
A
  • G- actin
  • it is globular
  • it is spherical
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6
Q
  1. What is an example of Actin Polymers?
A
  • F- Actin
  • these are filamentous
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7
Q
  1. How does Microfilament assembly (Polymerisation) occur?
A
  1. the G-actin is converted to F- actin
  2. there is energy that is provided by the ATP hydrolysis
  3. (+) end of the microfilament is barbed
    . this is where fast polymerisation occurs
  4. (-) end of the microfilament is pointed
    . this is where slow polymerisation occurs
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8
Q
  1. What is Nucleation?
A
  • it is the spontaneous formation of G-actin dimers and tetramers
  • this leads to the polymer formation of F-actin
  • Nucleation initialises polymerisationn
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9
Q
  1. What are Intermediate Filaments?
A
  • they are filaments that are larger than microfilaments
  • but they are smaller than microtubules
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10
Q
  1. What are the three functions of Intermediate Filaments?
A
  1. they support the cell shape
  2. they fix organelles in place
  3. they form the nuclear lamina
    . this is found on the inner side of the nuclear
    envelope
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11
Q
  1. What are the 6 types of Intermediate Filaments?
A
  1. Keratin
  2. Desmin
  3. Vimentin
  4. Neurofilaments
  5. GFAP (Glial Fibrillary Acidic Proteins)
  6. Lamins
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12
Q
  1. What are the 6 types of Intermediate Filaments?
A
  1. Keratin
  2. Desmin
  3. Vimentin
  4. Neurofilaments
  5. GFAP (Glial Fibrillary Acidic Proteins)
  6. Lamins
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13
Q
  1. What are the 6 types of Intermediate Filaments?
A
  1. Keratin
  2. Desmin
  3. Vimentin
  4. Neurofilaments
  5. GFAP (Glial Fibrillary Acidic Proteins)
  6. Lamins
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14
Q
  1. Where is Keratin found?
A
  • in the epithelial cells
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15
Q
  1. Where is Desmin found?
A
  • in the muscle cells
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16
Q
  1. Where is Desmin found?
A
  • in the muscle cells
17
Q
  1. Where is Vimentin found?
A
  • in the mesenchymal cells
18
Q
  1. Where is Vimentin found?
A
  • in the mesenchymal cells
19
Q
  1. What are Mesenchymal cells?
A
  • they are the cells that develop into the lymphatic and circulatory systems tissues
  • they also develop into connective tissue
    (EG: bone and cartilage)
20
Q
  1. Where are the Glial Fibrillary Acidic Proteins found?
A
  • in the neuroglia
  • they support neural cells
21
Q
  1. Where are the Lamins found?
A
  • in the nuclear envelope
22
Q
  1. How do the Intermediate Filaments support the cell shape?
A
  • they provide tissues with resistance to the mechanical stress
  • this means that when cells with intermediate filaments are stretched:
    • there is no cell damage
    • there is no tissue damage
23
Q
  1. What do Intermediate Cell filaments participate in?
A
  • they participate in cell junction formation

EG: epithelia cell desmosomes

24
Q
  1. List three characteristics of Keratins?
A
  • they are found in epithelial and epidermal cells
  • they are called Cytokeratins in epithelial cell desmosomes
  • they are a major component of:
    - hair
    - nails
    - intestinal epithelium
    - squamous epidermal epithelium
25
Q
  1. What does the Desmin in muscle cells connect?
A
  • it connects myofibrils and Z-disks
    of the sarcomeres
    to each other
26
Q
  1. What is a Sacromere?
A
  • it is a basic unit of contraction
  • this is the contraction of striated muscle tissue
  • the striated muscle tissue is the area between the two Z-disks
27
Q
  1. What is the Z-disk?
A
  • it is a thin, dark disk
  • it transversely bisects a striated muscle fibre
28
Q
  1. What is Vimentin?
A
  • it is an intermediate filament
  • it participates in Z-disk structure organisation
  • this happens in the muscle cells
29
Q
  1. What are Neuroglia?
A
  • they are non-neural cells
  • they maintain homeostasis
  • they provide support and protection for neurons in the
    nervous system
30
Q
  1. What are Glia Fibrils?
    Give an example.
A
  • they are a type of glial cell
  • they are found in neuroglia

EG: astrocytes

31
Q
  1. What are Glial Fibrillary Acidic Proteins?
    (GFAP)
A
  • they are proteins
  • they are polymerised to form glia fibrils
  • they play a role in Astrocytic Projection Formation
  • this is a part of the Central Nervous System structure
32
Q
  1. What does this Transmission Electron Microscope Image show?
A
  • a Lamin on the inner site of the nuclear envelope
33
Q
  1. Name 2 Cytoskeletal disorders?
A
  1. Chediak-Higashi Syndrome
  2. Kartagener’s Syndrome
34
Q
  1. What is Chediak-Higashi Syndrome?
A
  • it is a microtubule polymerisation inherited defect
  • it results in the reduced fusion of phagosomes and lysosomes during phagocytosis
35
Q
  1. What are the symptoms of Chediak-Higashi Syndrome?
A
  • it results in recurrent infections
  • this is because there is an inability to destroy the microorganisms by phagocytosis
36
Q
  1. What is Kartagener’s Syndrome?
A
  • it is when cilia and flagella are immotile
  • this means that they are unable to move
  • this is due to an inherited dynein arm defect
37
Q
  1. What are the symptoms of Kartagener’s Syndrome?
A
  • it results in male and female infertility
  • the sperm are immotile
  • it results in sinusitis
  • the bacteria and the particles are not pushed out

MED 103- BIOLOGY I (53 decks)

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