Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

MED 103- BIOLOGY I > 15. PLASMA MEMBRANE > Flashcards

15. PLASMA MEMBRANE Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q
  1. Provide a definition for the Plasma Membrane.
    (Cell Membrane)
A
  • it is a selective barrier
  • it allows the sufficient passage of:
    - oxygen
    - waste
    - nutrients
  • it allows this passage in and out of the cell
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q
  1. What does the plasma membrane consist of?
A
  • it consists of a double layer of phospholipids
  • this is known as the phospholipid bilayer
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q
  1. What do the proteins within the Plasma membrane allow?
A
  • they allow the communication with the external environment
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q
  1. What does semi- permeable mean?
A
  • they are selectively permeable
  • they select what will enter and exit the cell
  • cells would die without this permeability
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q
  1. Provide a label for numbers 1 to 6 of this Plasma Membrane.
A

1= Hydrophilic Region

2= Hydrophobic Region

3= Hydrophilic Region

4= Phospholipid

5= Proteins

6 = Carbohydrate Side Chains

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q
  1. What is the Nucleus.
A
  • it contains most of the DNA in the eukaryotic cell
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q
  1. Where are genes found?
A
  • they are found on the chromosomes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q
  1. Where is DNA found outside of the Nucleus?
A
  • in the mitochondria
  • in the chloroplasts
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q
  1. What do genes contain?
A
  • the directions for the synthesis of proteins
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q
  1. What is each chromosome made up of?
A
  • it is made up of chromatin
  • this is complex of proteins and DNA
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q
  1. What does Chromatin form when it condenses?
A
  • discrete chromosomes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q
  1. What process happens in the Cytoplasm?
A
  • Translation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q
  1. What two processes take place in the Nucleus?
A
  1. DNA replication
  2. DNA transcription
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q
  1. When is DNA replicated?
A
  • before every single cell division
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q
  1. To what structure is DNA transcribed to?
A
  • it is transcribed to the mRNA in the nucleus
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q
  1. What does mRNA do with the transcribed information?
A
  • it exits the nucleus
  • moves to the cytoplasm
  • attaches to the ribosomes
  • the ribosomes then translate the information into a protein
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q
  1. Draw the flow diagram of the Central Dogma of genetic information.

DOGMA= structure / set of principles

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q
  1. What is synthesised in the Nucleolus?

NUCLEOLUS= denser area in the nucleus
SYNTHESISED= the combination of components to form a whole

A
  • the Ribosomal RNA
  • rRNA
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q
  1. What happens to the rRNA after is it synthesised?
A
  • it is assembled with proteins
  • these subunits exit the nucleus
  • they form ribosomes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q
  1. What is the Nuclear envelope?
A
  • a structure that encloses the nucleus
  • it separates the contents of the nucleus from the cytoplasm
  • it has nuclear pores
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q
  1. What are Nuclear Pores?
A
  • they are pores that regulate the entry and the exit of molecules from the nucleus
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q
  1. What is the Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)?
A
  • it is a network of membraneous tubules and sacs
  • it has an inside space called the Lumen
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q
  1. What is the Endoplasmic Reticulum Membrane?
A
  • it is a membrane that is continuous with the nuclear envelope
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q
  1. What are the two distinct regions of the ER?
A
  • the Smooth ER
    (SER)
  • the Rough ER
    (RER)
25
Q
  1. What is the Smooth ER?
A
  • it is the ER which lacks ribosomes
  • it has no bound ribosomes
26
Q
  1. What is the Rough ER?
A
  • it is the ER that contains bound Ribosomes
27
Q
  1. What are the 4 Functions of the Smooth ER?
A
  1. it synthesises lipids
  2. it metabolises carbohydrates
  3. it stores calcium
  4. it detoxifies poisons
28
Q
  1. What are the three functions of the Rough ER?
A
  1. Protein Synthesis
  2. Some Post Translational Modifications
  3. Protein Targeting
    (Sorting)
29
Q
  1. What is Protein Synthesis?
A
  • it is the synthesis of secreted proteins
  • it is the synthesis of membrane-bound proteins
  • proteins of the endomembrane system= ER, Golgi
  • this Protein Synthesis is done by Bound Ribosomes
30
Q
  1. What are Post- Translational Modifications?
A
  • they are the processing of proteins to make them functional
31
Q
  1. What is Protein Targeting (Sorting)?
A
  • it is the transportation and distribution of proteins to other cell compartments
  • this is usually the protein’s final cellular location
  • (EG: Golgi)
  • this process is done by producing membrane-bound transport vesicles
  • this is also known as cell trafficking
32
Q
  1. What are the 4 Post-Translational Modifications that occur in the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER)?
A
  1. Polypeptide Cleavage
  2. Protein Folding
    (Tertiary Structure)
  3. Subunit Assembly
    (Protein Quaternary Structure)
  4. Chemical Modifications
33
Q
  1. What is Polypeptide Cleavage?
    Provide an example.
A
  • it is when some polypeptides are activated by enzymes
  • these enzymes cleave/split them
  • this makes them functional

EG: insulin

34
Q
  1. What is an example of Protein Folding
    (Tertiary Structure)?
A
  • disulphide bond formation
35
Q
  1. What is Subunit Assembly?
    (Protein Quaternary Structure)
    Provide an example.
A
  • some polypeptides come together to form subunits
  • these are the subunits of a functional protein

EG: Haemoglobin

36
Q
  1. What are Chemical Modifications?
    Provide an example.
A
  • this is the addition of chemical groups to proteins
    EG: glycosylation, hydroxylation
  • it also includes the formation of Glycoproteins
  • these are mostly formed in the Golgi Apparatus
  • some are formed in the RER
  • some N-glycosylation happens in the RER
  • this is when the N-linked oligosaccharides are added to proteins
  • they are added to the asparagine amino group
37
Q
  1. What is the Golgi Apparatus?
A
  • a structure that consists of flattened membranous sacs
  • these are known as Cisternae
  • the Golgi Apparatus receives many of the transport vesicles
  • these transport vesicles are produced in the rough ER
38
Q
  1. What are the two faces of the Golgi Apparatus?
    What are their functions?
A
  • the Cis face
  • this is the receiving side of the Golgi Apparatus
  • the Trans Face
  • this is the shipping side of the Golgi Apparatus
  • it ships and closes the proteins into the vesicles
  • it sends them to other destinations
39
Q
  1. What are the three functions of the Golgi Apparatus?
A
  1. Protein and Macromolecule Processing
    (Chemical Modification)
  2. Macromolecule Sorting and Targeting
  3. Manufacturing of Certain Macromolecules
40
Q
  1. What is Protein and Macromolecule Processing?
    (Chemical Modifications)
    Provide examples.
A
  • the Golgi apparatus receives and modifies protein and other macromolecule products
  • these are products of the ER
  • it does this by adding the proteins to chemical groups

EG: glycosylation
: phosphorylation
: hydroxylation

41
Q
  1. What is the addition of Carbohydrates?
A
  • it is a function of the Golgi Apparatus
  • it is the addition of proteins or lipids to carbohydrates
    (glycosylation)
  • it is the addition of lipids to proteins
  • this produces: glycoproteins
    : glycolipids
    : lipoproteins
  • there is some processing of this in the RER
  • but most of it is in the Golgi Apparatus
42
Q
  1. What is Macromolecule sorting and targeting?
A
  • it is the sorting and packaging of biomolecules into transport vesicles
  • the Golgi apparatus sends these transport vesicles to other parts of the cell/organism
  • TARGETING= the transport to their cellular destination
43
Q
  1. What are two macromolecules that the Golgi Apparatus is responsible for manufacturing?
A
  • polysaccharides
  • carbohydrate synthesis
44
Q
  1. What are lysosomes?
A
  • they are membranous vesicles
  • they contain hydrolytic enzymes
45
Q
  1. What do Lysosomes do?
A
  • they digest macromolecules
  • they can also digest microorganisms
46
Q
  1. What do Lysosomes release?
    What happens with all these released substances?
A
  • they release:
    • simple sugars
    • amino acids
    • nucleotides
    • fatty acids
  • these substances are all to be reused by the cell for building new macromolecules
    (RECYCLING)
47
Q
  1. At what PH do lysosomal enzymes function at?
A
  • ph = 4
  • these are acidic environments
48
Q
  1. What are the two functions of the Lysosomes?
A
  1. Phagocytosis
  2. Autophagy
49
Q
  1. What is Phagocytosis?
A
  • it is intracellular digestion
  • it is carried out by lysosomes
  • it is used by some protists (amoebas) to digest food
  • human macrophages use lysosomes to ingest pathogenic microorganisms
  • immune cells do this
50
Q
  1. What is Autophagy?
A
  • it is the destruction of damaged organelles
  • it is the recycling of the cell’s organic material
51
Q
  1. What is a Vacuole?
A
  • it is a large membrane-bound vesicle
  • it is found in plants
52
Q
  1. What 6 functions does a vacuole have in plants?
A
  1. Digestion
  2. Storage
  3. Waste Disposal
  4. Water Balance
  5. Cell Growth
  6. Protection
53
Q
  1. What cell plays a similar role to a Vacuole?
A
  • Lysosomes
54
Q
  1. Which two cells have vacuoles instead of lysosomes?
A
  • plant cells
  • fungal cells
55
Q
  1. What do plants usually have with regards to vacuoles?
A
  • they have one large central vacuole
56
Q
  1. What are the three types of Vacuoles?
A
  1. Food Vacuoles
    (phagosomes)
  2. Contractile Vacuoles
  3. Central Vacuoles
57
Q
  1. What are Food Vacuoles (Phagosomes) formed by?
A
  • they are formed by phagocytosis
58
Q
  1. What are Contractile Vacuoles?
A
  • they are used to pump excess water out of protist cells
  • this assists with osmoregulation
59
Q
  1. What is the Central Vacuole?
A
  • there is one large central vacuole found in each plant cell
  • it holds reserves of important organic compounds
  • it holds reserves of water
  • it stores ions
  • it stores byproducts that could damage the cell
  • it store some poisons
  • this is used as defence against predators
  • such as herbivorous animals

MED 103- BIOLOGY I (53 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions