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MED 103- BIOLOGY I > 31. THE ENERGY OF LIFE > Flashcards

31. THE ENERGY OF LIFE Flashcards

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1
Q
  1. What do all living organisms require in order to survive?
A
  • energy
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2
Q
  1. What is the source of energy for the Earth?
A
  • the Sun
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3
Q
  1. Which process allows for the transfer of energy?
A
  • metabolism
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4
Q
  1. What is the flow of Energy on Earth?
A
  1. Sun
  2. Producers
  3. Consumers
  4. Decomposers
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5
Q
  1. What is Metabolism?
A
  • the totality of an organism’s chemical reactions

METABOLISM ALLOWS FOR THE FOLLOWING:
- energy is stored
- anabolic process
- EG: ATP being stored

  • energy is released
  • catabolic processes
  • EG: energy being lost through heat
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6
Q
  1. What does a Metabolic Pathway start and end with?
A
  • it starts with a specific molecule
  • it ends with a product
  • it has many steps
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7
Q
  1. What is each step of the Metabolic Pathway catalysed by?
A
  • an enzyme
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8
Q
  1. What controls Metabolic Pathways?
A
  • cellular demands
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9
Q
  1. What do Catabolic Pathways do?
A
  • they break down complex molecules
  • they break them down into simpler compounds
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10
Q
  1. What is the purpose of Catabolic Pathways?
A
  • they release energy
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11
Q
  1. What is an example of a Catabolic Pathway?
A
  • Respiration
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12
Q
  1. What do Anabolic Pathways do?
A
  • they synthesise complicated molecules from simpler ones
  • they consume energy
  • energy input is necessary for these processes
  • EG: consumption of ATP
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13
Q
  1. What is an example of an Anabolic Pathway?
A
  1. Photosynthesis
  2. Protein Synthesis from Amino Acids
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14
Q
  1. What is the definition for Energy?
A
  • the capacity to cause change
  • it exists in various forms
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15
Q
  1. What can some forms of energy perform?
A
  • work
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16
Q
  1. What does the life of an organism depend on?
A
  • it depends on the cells’ ability to convert energy from one form to another
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17
Q
  1. What is Thermodynamics?
A
  • the study of energy conversion from one form to another
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18
Q
  1. What are the 3 forms of energy?
A
  1. Kinetic Energy
  2. Heat (Thermal) Energy
  3. Potential (Chemical) Energy
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19
Q
  1. What is Kinetic Energy?
A
  • this is the energy associated with motion
20
Q
  1. What is Heat (Thermal) Energy?
A
  • this is the kinetic energy associated with the random movement of atoms or molecules
21
Q
  1. What is Potential (Chemical) Energy?
A
  • this is the energy stored due to the location or
    structure of the matter
    (the bonds)
  • this includes the chemical energy stored in the
    molecular structure
22
Q
  1. What is the First Law of Thermodynamics?
A
  • energy can be transferred and transformed from one form to another
  • it cannot be created or destroyed
23
Q
  1. What is the Second Law of Thermodynamics?
A
  • spontaneous changes do not require outside energy
  • they require no energy consumption
  • this increases the entropy (disorder) of the universe
24
Q
  1. How do living organisms increase and decrease the entropy of the universe?
A

THEY INCREASE THE ENTROPY:
- by releasing energy

THEY DECREASE THE ENTROPY:
- by maintaining order
- they do this by consuming energy

25
Q
  1. How do organisms live?
A
  • by spending and consuming free energy
26
Q
  1. What is Free Energy?
A
  • a living system’s energy
  • it can do work under cellular conditions

EXAMPLES OF WORK:
- motor proteins
- muscle contractions
- active transport
- endocytosis

27
Q
  1. What is the Free-Energy Change (▵G) of a reaction?
A
  • this indicates whether the reaction occurs spontaneously or not spontaneously
28
Q
  1. How do we calculate ▵G?
A
29
Q
  1. What are Exergonic Reactions?
A
  • they are spontaneous reactions
  • free energy is released
  • ▵G is less than zero
  • the ▵G value is negative
  • the product energy is lower than the reactant energy
30
Q
  1. What are Endergonic Reactions?
A
  • they are reactions where free energy is absorbed
  • this energy is absorbed from their surroundings
  • they require energy
  • they are non-spontaneous reactions
  • the ▵G value is greater than zero
  • the product energy is higher than the reactant energy
31
Q
  1. What happens to reactions in a closed system?
A
  • they eventually reach equilibrium
32
Q
  1. Are the cells in our bodies open or closed systems?
A
  • they are open systems
  • they have metabolic pathways with many stages
33
Q
  1. Why are cells open systems?
A
  • they experience a constant flow of materials in and out of the cells
  • their metabolic pathways do not reach equilibrium
34
Q
  1. What does ATP stand for?
A
  • Adenosine Triphosphate
35
Q
  1. What is ATP?
A
  • this is the cell’s energy shuttle
  • it transfers energy
  • it stores energy
36
Q
  1. Which structure stores energy in the phosphate bonds?
A
  • the nucleotide
37
Q
  1. What is the Function of the nucleotide?
A
  • it provides energy for the cellular functions
38
Q
  1. What are the characteristics of the Phosphate bonds that contain ATP in the Nucleotide?
A
  1. energy rich
  2. unstable
  3. tends to break
39
Q
  1. What does the ATP structure look like?
A
40
Q
  1. What is ATP Hydrolysis?
A
  • this is when ATP breaks down
  • energy is released
  • ATP → ADP + Pi
41
Q
  1. What is ATP Synthesis?
A
  • this is the regeneration of ATP
  • this is when energy is stored in the phosphate bonds
  • ADP + Pi → ATP
42
Q
  1. What does ATP power?
A
  • it powers cellular work
  • it does this by energy coupling
43
Q
  1. What is Energy Coupling?
A
  • this is the use of an exergonic process to drive an
    endergonic one
44
Q
  1. What are the three main kinds of Endergonic Cellular Work?
A
  1. Mechanical
  2. Transport
  3. Chemical
  • these all require energy input
45
Q
  1. What is ATP - Mediated Energy Coupling?
A
  • this is when an endergonic process can be driven by the ATP Hydrolysis
  • ATP Hydrolysis is an exergonic process
  • ATP Hydrolysis provides the energy for the endergonic
    reaction to occur

MED 103- BIOLOGY I (53 decks)

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