48 - Learning Flashcards
Explicit Memory
Declarative
Facts
Events
Working
Facts & Events
Medial Temporal Lobe
Working Memory
PreFrontal Cortex
Implicit Memory
Nondeclarative
Priming
Procedural
Associative learning (Classical and operant conditioning)
Nonassociative Learning (Habituation and sensitization)
Priming
Neocortex
Procedural
Skills and Habits
Striatum
Associative Learning
Emotional - Amygdala
Skeletal Musculature - Cerebellum
Nonassociative Learning
Reflex Pathways
LTP Pathway
Long Term Potentiation
In Hippocampus:
Perforant fiber pathway from entorhinal cortex
Synapses on granule cells in dentate gyrus
Sends mossy fibers out to synapse on CA3 pyramidal cells
project schaffer collateral pathway fibers to synapse on CA1
project back to entorhinal cortex and other brain areas.
Early LTP
Covalent modifications and structural rearrangements
Schaffer collateral presynaptic fibers release glutamate.
AMPA receptors on CA1 fibers are the workhorses. NMDA only comes into play with frequent stimulation. Must be depolarized enough (high frequency) to knock magnesium out.
NMDA permeable to calcium.
Calcium influx is KEY event in the induction of LTP.
Postsynaptic calcium rise activates hella kinases that phosphorylate AMPA receptor channels, increasing their activity and number.
Sometimes there are presynaptic changes too.
Scaling
Scales up all the synaptic connections. Potentiations are adjusted to not overload if many things are being accessed.
Late LTP
Involves gene regulation and growth
Multiple spaced presynaptic stimulations, lasts hella long
cAMP & PKA and MAPKKKKKKKKKK alter gene expression.
Only affects active synapses on the neuron, even though the gene products come from the nucleus, and there are inactive synapses there too………..
Synaptic mechanisms of persistence
CPBB
Prion-like, self-perpetuating
