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Neuroscience and NeuroAnatomy > 19 - Vision > Flashcards

19 - Vision Flashcards

1
Q

5 Major Classes of neuron in the Retina

A 
Ganglion Cells
Amacrine Cells
Bipolar Cells
Horizontal Cells
Photoreceptor Cells (Rods/Cones)
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2
Q

3 Nuclear Layers of the Retina

A

Outer Nuclear Area
Inner Nuclear Area
Ganglion Cell Layer

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3
Q

Layers of the Retina (Inner to Outer)

A 
Ganglion Cell Layer
Inner Plexiform/Synaptic Layer
Inner Nuclear Layer
Outer Plexiform/Synaptic Layer
Outer Nuclear Layer
Pigment Epithelium
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4
Q

Photoreceptors

A

Rods (Low light conditions)

Cones (Daylight, color vision, high accuity)

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5
Q

Photoreceptors - Rods

A

Low Light Conditions

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6
Q

Photoreceptors - Cones

A

Daylight Conditions, Color

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7
Q

Ganglion Cell Layer

A

Final output of the Retina, sends signal to the optic disc

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8
Q

Horizontal Cells, Bipolar Cells, Amacrine Cells

A

Transduce the signal

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9
Q

How many photoreceptors are in the optic disc?

A
  1. There is a blind spot there.
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10
Q

Ganglion Cells

A

Circular
Smaller in the region of the Fovea (high visual accuity)
Larger towards the periphery
Have an antagonistic center-surround organization

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11
Q

2 Major Classes of Ganglion Cells that serve the same Photoreceptor Cells in parallel

A

M-Type Ganglion Cells

P-Type Ganglion Cells

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12
Q

A-Type Ganglion Cells

A

Large receptor fields

Respond to the gross aspects of the visual image and its movement.

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13
Q

P-Type Ganglion Cells

A

Much smaller receptor fields
High visual accuity
Color vision

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14
Q

Synapses from which cells are contained in the Outer Plexiform/Synaptic Layer?

A

Photoreceptors, Bipolar and Horizontal

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15
Q

Synapses from which cells are contained in the Inner Plexiform/Synaptic Layer?

A

Bipolar, Amacrine & Ganglion

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16
Q

What is the purpose of pigment epithelium

A

Preventing any photons not absorbed by the neurons from being reflected back and distorting the image.

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17
Q

Pathway for Visual Perception

A 
Optic Disc
Optic Nerves
Optic Chiasm
Optic Tract
Lateral Geniculate Nucleus (Relay)
Optic Radiations
V1
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18
Q

Synonyms for the Primary Visual Cortex

A

Striate Cortex
V1
Brodman’s Area 17
Banks of the Calcarine Fissure

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19
Q

Inferior Portion of the Retina - Represents

A

Contralateral Visual Field

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20
Q

Inferior Portion of the Retina - Pathway

A 
Optic Disc
Optic Nerves
Optic Chiasm
Optic Tract
Lateral Geniculate Nucleus (Relay)
Meyer's Loop
Optic Radiations
V1
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21
Q

Ganglion Cell Axons NOT involved in image processing (therefore not synapsing in the LGN) - Targets

A

Superior Colliculus (Eye Movement, Visuomotor Reflexes)
Pretectal Area/Nuclei (Pupillary Reflexes)
Suprachiasmatic Nucleus of the Hypothalamus (Circadian Rhythms)

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22
Q

What is contained in the Left Optic Tract?

A

Left Temporal Hemiretina

Right Nasal Hemiretina

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23
Q

What is contained in the Right Optic Tract?

A

Right Temporal Hemiretina

Left Nasal Hemiretina

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24
Q

Which fibers decuss at the Optic Chiasm?

A

Both Nasal Hemiretinas

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25
Q

Brachium of the Superior Colliculus

A

Bypasses the Lateral Geniculate Nucleus, rides on top of the Medial Geniculate Nucleus.
Target = Either Superior Colliculus or Pretectal Area/Nucleus

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26
Q

Pathway for consensual pupillary light reflex

A

Melanopsin-Containing Ganglion Cells (Retina)
Optic Nerve
Optic Chiasm
Optic Tract
Pretectal Nuclei (SYNAPSE) in the rostral part of the Superior Colliculus
Edinger-Westphal Nuclei (Bilaterally, contralateral courses through posterior commissure) - SYNAPSE
Occulomotor Nerve
Ciliary Ganglion - SYNAPSE
Smooth Muscle of the Pupillary Sphincter

27
Q

Where is the Edinger-Westphal Nucleus?

A

Within the Occulomotor Nucleus (III)

28
Q

What happens in the Edinger-Westphal Nucleus?

A

Incoming signals synapse on preganglionic parasympathetic fibers headed out with III.

29
Q

Anisocoria

A

Pupillary asymmetry

30
Q

Cause of anisocoria in humans

A

Lesions of the motor projection to the periphery

31
Q

How many layers of nuclei are in the Lateral Geniculate Nucleus?

A

6

32
Q

Which nuclei within the LGN receive input from the contralateral nasal hemiretina?

A

6
4
1

33
Q

Which nuclei within the LGN receive input from the ipsilateral temporal hemiretina?

A

2
3
5

34
Q

Magnacellular Component

A

Large Cells
Nuclei 1 & 2 (Most Ventral) in the LGN
Input = M-Type Ganglion Cells

35
Q

Parvocellular Component

A

Smaller Cells
Nuclei 3, 4, 5 & 6 (Most Dorsal) in the LGN
Input = P-Type Ganglion Cells

36
Q

Stria of Gennari

A

Defined by line in Lamina 4B (myelin stain)

Determines where Area 17 spans

37
Q

Adjacent to Stria of Gennari, you find

A

Area 18
Secondary Visual Cortex
Extrastriate Cortex

38
Q

Visual Cortex (V1) on Nissl Stain - Layer 1

A

Few Cells

39
Q

Visual Cortex (V1) on Nissl Stain - Layer 2, 3 & 4a

A

High Density of Cells

Output = Extrastriate Cortex

40
Q

Visual Cortex (V1) on Nissl Stain - Layer 4b

A

Stria of Gennari

41
Q

Visual Cortex (V1) on Nissl Stain - Layer 4c

A

Many Cells (Two sublaminae - input from LGN)

42
Q

Visual Cortex (V1) on Nissl Stain - Layer 5

A

Few Cells

Output = Superior Colliculi, Pons, Pulvinar

43
Q

Visual Cortex (V1) on Nissl Stain - Layer 6

A

High Density of Cells

Output = LGN & Claustrum

44
Q

Ultimate target of input from Inferior Retina

A

Inferior bank of the Calcarine Fissure

45
Q

Ultimate target of input from the Superior Retina

A

Superior bank of the Calcarine Fissure

46
Q

What is represented by the most posterior regions of the Calcarine Fissure?

A

The center of the visual field (Fovea)

47
Q

What is represented by the most anterior regions of the Calcarine Fissure?

A

The periphery of the visual field

48
Q

V1

A

Area 17

49
Q

V2

A

Area 18

50
Q

V3, V4

A

Area 19

51
Q

V5

A

Area 19 - Middle Temporal Area (MTA)

52
Q

Posterior Parietal Cortex

A

“Where” Pathway

53
Q

Inferior Temporal Cotex

A

“What” Pathway

54
Q

“Where” Pathway

A

V5 to Parietal Lobe

55
Q

“What” Pathway

A

V4 to Temporal Lobe

56
Q

Lesion on the Optic Nerve causes

A

Unilateral blindness

57
Q

Lesion on the Optic Chiasm causes

A

Bitemporal Hemianopsia

58
Q

Lesion in the Optic Tract causes

A

Homonymous Hemianopsia

59
Q

Lesion in the Lateral Geniculate Nucleus causes

A

Homonymous Hemianopsia

60
Q

Lesion in the proximal Optic Radiations causes

A

Homonymous Hemianopsia

61
Q

Lesion in Temporal Lobe (extending into Meyer’s Loop) causes

A

Quadrantanopia of the contralateral superior quadrant

62
Q

Lesion in the Primary Visual Cortex

A

Homonymous Hemianopsia (with Macular Sparing)

63
Q

Why is the macular area sometimes spared form the homonymous hemianopsia resulting from a lesion in the primary visual cortex?

A

The fovea contains an incredibly dense population of fibers, and it’s hard to get rid of ALL their targets with one lesion.

64
Q

Trauma to the Visual Pole causes

A

Homonymous Hemianopsia (of Macular Area)

Neuroscience and NeuroAnatomy (41 decks)

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