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Neuroscience and NeuroAnatomy > 44 - Hypothalamus > Flashcards

44 - Hypothalamus Flashcards

1
Q

Hypothalamus - Blood Supply

A

PCA

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2
Q

Hypothalamus - Periventricular Zone

A

Parvocellular cells projecting to Anterior Pituitary via median eminence, influencing secretion

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3
Q

Hypothalamus - Medial Zone

A

Diffuse ass nuclei:

Preoptic Nucleus
Paraventricular Nucleus
Dorsomedial Nucleus
Ventromedial Nucleus
Arcuate Nucleus
Supraoptic Nucleus
SupraChiasmatic Nucleus
Mammilary Body
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4
Q

Preoptic Nucleus

A

Just inferior to anterior commisure, superior to Optic Chiasm

Magnocellular neurons project to posterior pituitary

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5
Q

Dorsomedial Nucleus

Ventromedial Nucleus

A

Magnocellular, oxy & vas to PP

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6
Q

SupraChiasmatic Nucleus

A

Circadian Rhythms

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7
Q

Location of Medial Forebrain Bundle

A

Lateral Hypothalamus

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8
Q

Magnocellular nuclei in Hypothalamus

A

Paraventricular Nucleus
Supraoptic Nucleus

Project axons to posterior pituitary
Release Oxytocin & Vasopressin

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9
Q

Parvocellular Cells in Hypothalamus

A

Everywhere!

Project to median eminence, release in anterior pituitary, trigger release of hormones!

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10
Q

Inputs to the hypothalamus

A 
Cingulate Gyrus
Orbital cortex
Ventral striatum
Septal Nuclei
Hippocampus
Amygdala
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11
Q

Outputs from the hypothalamus

A 
Widespread cortical areas
Septal nuclei
Anterior nucleus
Mammilothalamic tract
Amygdala
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12
Q

Hypothalamic Pathways

A 
DLF
MFB
ST & VAP
Fornix, Mammilothalamic and Mammilotegmental Tracts
Optic Nerve
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13
Q

Descending Hypothalamus regulates the ANS

A

Info comes in
HypoThalamus projects down via VLF & MFB
Regulating Dorsal Motor Nucleus of X and Solitary Nucleus
Areas around Nucleus Ambiguus affect heart function.
Additionally, large projection down to spinal cord from HT to regulate PS and S preganglionics through spinal cord to regulate postganglionics

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14
Q

Hypothalamic Regulation of PNS

A

Mediated through dorsal motor nucleus of X.

Regions in reticular formation near nucleus ambiguus project to gut and heart.

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15
Q

Motor Nucleus of X - Inputs

A

VLF and MFB

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16
Q

Hypothalamus Four Fs

A

Fighting
Fleeing
Feeding
FUCKINGGGGGG

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17
Q

6 physiologic needs controlled by Hypothalamus

A

BP & Electrolytes
Temperature (ANS & motivated behavior, metabolic pathways)
Energy metabolism (eating, behavior, metabolic rate)
Reproduction (hormonal control of mating, pregnancy and lactation)
Responses to stress (directing blood flow nad stimulating adrenal se(x)cretions)
Adaptive emotional responses

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18
Q

Hypothalamus - Location

A

Lining the walls of the 3rd ventricle, above the pituitary

Not too far from VTA

19
Q

Fornix

A

Divides Hypothalamus into medial and lateral regions

20
Q

Anterior border of the hypothalamus

A

Line between Anterior Commisure and Mammilary Bodies

21
Q

Paraventricular Nucleus

A

Microcosm of HT function
Both endocrine and neural regulation

Parvocellular:
Medial - secrete CRH
Dorsal/Ventral - neurons project to medulla & spinal cord to exert autonomic control. Se(x)crete oxytocin and vasopressin (neuromodulators)

Magnocellular:
Two distinct populations control endocrine function, se(x)creting right into the posterior pituitary

22
Q

Visceral afferents

A

CN VII IX X contain visceral info
They project to the nucleus of the solitary tract.
Relayed to parabrachial nucleus
Projects to hypothalamus and other limbic structures.

23
Q

Indirect control of autonomic responses

A

Comes from cortex, amygdala, periaqueductal grey

24
Q

Hypothalamus - Neural Input, Neural Output

A

Controls ANS (emotion)

25
Q

Hypothalamus - Neural Input, Hormonal Output

A

Oxytocin release for galactorrhea

26
Q

Hypothalamus - Hormonal Input, Neural Output

A

Drives and motivated behavior (SEXXXXXX)

27
Q

Hypothalamus - Hormonal Input, Hormonal Output

A

Vasopressin release for anti-diuresis

28
Q

Servo-Control Systems

A

Thermostat
Receives sensory info and feedback signals
Compares with biological set points
Adjusts ANS, endocrine and behavioral responses aimed at maintaining homeostasis

29
Q

Temperature Regulation

A

Systemic pyrogens such as IL-1 can cross BBB and increase biological set point, causing fever.
HT contains feedback detectors.
Peripheral receptors transmit info through temperature pathways to CNS.
Central receptors in anterior hypothalamus that modulate their activity related to blood temperature.
Combination of peripheral and central receptors

30
Q

Lesion Anterior hypothalamus

A

Chronic hyperthermia

Anterior HT decreases internal temperature

31
Q

Stimulate Anterior Hypothalamus

A

Dilate blood vessels, suppress shivering.

Anterior HT decreases internal temperature

32
Q

Lesion Posterior hypothalamus

A

Hypothermia if placed in cold environment

Posterior HT increases internal temp

33
Q

Stimulate Posterior Hypothalamus

A

Shiver & constrict blood flow

Posterior HT increases internal temp

34
Q

Long term exposure to cold

A

Increased HT secretion of TRH, resulting in increased TSH and T4, increasing body heat by increasing tissue metabolism

35
Q

Animals adjust their food intake to achieve normal body weight

A

Cool

36
Q

Hypothalamic contribution to food intake

A

Feeding center

Satiety center.

37
Q

Lesions of Ventromedial hypothalamus

A

Hyperphagia & obesity

Ventromedial must control satiety

38
Q

Lesions of Lateral hypothalamus

A

Aphagia & starvation

Lateral must control food intake

39
Q

Caloric homeostasis

A

Arcuate Nucleus
Paraventricular Nucleus
Lateral Hypothalamic Area

Insulin & Leptin hit the ARC
In response to these particular signals, ARC INHIBITS NPY/AgRP because they are anabolic, stimulating LHA and inhibiting PVN
Meanwhile, ARC EXCITES Alpha-MSH/CART, stimulating PVN & inhibiting LHA

PVN releases CRH & Oxytocin
LHA releases MCH & Orexins

40
Q

PVN

A

Catabolic

41
Q

LHA

A

Anabolic

42
Q

Adiposity Signals Pathways

A

Leptin and Insulin circulate in concentrations proportional to body fot content and energy balance
Act on central effector pathways in the hypothalamus
Activating catabolic pathways, inhibiting anabolic pathways

43
Q

Chronic Leptin Deficiency

A

Less PVH innervation from ARC

Can be rescued by leptin treatment DURING DEVELOPMENT

Neuroscience and NeuroAnatomy (41 decks)

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