462 - 553 Carbohydrate metabolism

Question 1

The branches in glycogen consist of glucose molecules linked by

Select one:
a. alpha-1,5 linkages
b. alpha-1,4 linkages
c. alpha-1,6 linkages
d. alpha-1,2 linkages

Answer 1

c. alpha-1,6 linkages

Question 2

The straight glucose chains of glycogen molecules are broken down initially to

Select one:
a. glucose
b. glucose- 6- phosphate c. glucose-1- phosphate d. fructose diphosphate e. UDP-glucose

Question 3

The straight glucose chains of glycogen molecules are broken down initially to

Select one:
a. glucose
b. glucose- 6- phosphate
c. glucose-1- phosphate
d. fructose diphosphate
e. UDP-glucose

Answer 3

c. glucose-1- phosphate

Question 4

The straight glucose chains of glycogen molecules are broken down initially to

Select one:
a. glucose
b. glucose- 6- phosphate
c. glucose-1- phosphate
d. fructose diphosphate
e. UDP-glucose

Answer 4

c. glucose-1- phosphate

Question 5

The branch points of glycogen are broken down to

Select one:
a. fructose diphosphate
b. glucose
c. glucose- 1- phosphate
d. glucose -6- phosphate
e. UDP-glucose

Answer 5

b. glucose
(release 1 free glucose)

Question 6

The branch points of glycogen are broken down to

Select one:
a. fructose diphosphate
b. glucose
c. glucose- 1- phosphate
d. glucose -6- phosphate
e. UDP-glucose

Answer 6

b. glucose

Question 7

The straight chains of glycogen molecules are broken down by

Select one:
a. adenylate cyclase
b. glycogen glicosidase
c. glycogen phosphorylase
d. glycogen-glycosidase
e. protein kinase

Answer 7

c. glycogen phosphorylase

Question 8

The debranching enzyme possesses the following activity(ies)

Select one:
a. A transferase activity
b. Both debranching and a transferase activity
c. Debranching activity
d. Elongase activity
e. Neither a debranching and a transferase activity

Answer 8

b. Both debranching and a transferase activity

Question 9

Glucagon

Select one:
a. inhibits the formation of glycogen and stimulates the breakdown of glycogen
b. simultaneously inhibits the formation of glycogen and glycogen breakdown
c. simultaneously stimulates the formation of glycogen and glycogen breakdown
d. simultaneously stimulates the formation of glycogen and ketone bodies
e. stimulates the formation of glycogen and inhibits the breakdown of glycogen

Answer 9

a. inhibits the formation of glycogen and stimulates the breakdown of glycogen

Question 10

Epinephrine

Select one:
a. stimulates the formation of glycogen and inhibits the breakdown of glycogen
b. simultaneously stimulates the formation of glycogen and ketone bodies
c. simultaneously stimulates the formation of glycogen and glycogen breakdown
d. simultaneously inhibits the formation of glycogen and glycogen breakdown
e. inhibits the formation of glycogen and stimulates the breakdown of glycogen

Answer 10

e. inhibits the formation of glycogen and stimulates the breakdown of glycogen

Question 11

Insulin

Select one:
a. stimulates the formation of glycogen and inhibits the breakdown of glycogen
b. simultaneously stimulates the formation of glycogen and ketone bodies
c. simultaneously stimulates the formation of glycogen and glycogen breakdown
d. simultaneously inhibits the formation of glycogen and glycogen breakdown
e. inhibits the formation of glycogen and stimulates the breakdown of glycogen

Answer 11

a. stimulates the formation of glycogen and inhibits the breakdown of glycogen

Question 12

Glucagon

Select one:
a. activates glycogen phosphorylase and increases the rate of glycogen synthesis
b. activates glycogen phosphorylase and increases the rate of glycogen breakdown
c. activates phosphofruktokinase 1 and increases the rate of gluconeogenesis
d. deactivates glycogen phosphorylase and decreases the rate of glycogen synthesis
e. deactivates glycogen phosphorylase and increases the rate of glycogen synthesis

Answer 12

b. activates glycogen phosphorylase and increases the rate of glycogen breakdown

Question 13

Insulin

Select one:
a. activates phosphofruktokinase 2 and increases the rate of gluconeogenesis
b. decreases the activity of glycogen synthase and decreases the rate of glycogen synthesis
c. decreases the activity of glycogen synthase and increases the rate of glycogen synthesis
d. increases the activity of glycogen synthase and decreases the rate of glycogen synthesis
e. increases the activity of glycogen synthase and increases the rate of glycogen synthesis

Answer 13

e. increases the activity of glycogen synthase and increases the rate of glycogen synthesis

Question 14

The binding of epinephrine to a receptor

Select one:
a. deactivates protein kinase A
b. deactivates adenylate cyclase
c. causes the breakdown of cyclic AMP to ATP
d. activates phosphodiesterase
e. activates adenylate cyclase

Answer 14

b. deactivates adenylate cyclase

Question 15

The binding of glucagon to its receptor

Select one:
a. deactivates protein kinase
b. deactivates adenylate cyclase
c. causes the breakdown of cyclic AMP to ATP
d. activates adenylate cyclase
e. activates phosphodiesterase

Answer 15

d. activates adenylate cyclase
(same effect with epinephrine)

Question 16

The binding of glucagon to its receptor will lead to
Select one:

a. the deactivation of adenylate cyclase
b. the deactivation of protein kinase A
c. the deactivation of glycogen phosphorylase
d. the activation of phosphorylase kinase

Answer 16

a. the deactivation of adenylate cyclase

Question 17

Which of the following statements are true?

Select one:
a. Fructose-1-phosphate activates glucokinase
b. Fructose-6-phosphate activates glucokinase
c. Glucokinase is inhibited by glucose-6-phosphate
d. Glucokinase is inhibited by high glucose level
e. Glucokinase is sequestered in the nucleus when glucose level is high.

Answer 17

a. Fructose-1-phosphate activates glucokinase

Question 18

Protein kinase A

Select one:
a. removes a phosphate molecule from glycogen synthase
b. removes a phosphate molecule from cAMP
c. adds a phosphate to fructose-6-phosphate
d. adds a phosphate molecule to glycogen synthase
e. adds a phosphate molecule to cAMP

Answer 18

d. adds a phosphate molecule to glycogen synthase

Question 19

Protein kinase A

Select one:
a. adds a phosphate molecule to phosphorylase kinase
b. adds a phosphate molecule to glycogen phosphorylase
c. adds a phosphate to glucokinase
d. removes a phosphate molecule from glycogen phosphorylase
e. removes a phosphate molecule from phosphorylase kinase

Answer 19

adds a phosphate molecule to phosphorylase kinase

Question 20

Protein kinase A

Select one:
a. adds a phosphate molecule to phosphorylase kinase
b. adds a phosphate molecule to glycogen phosphorylase
c. adds a phosphate to glucokinase
d. removes a phosphate molecule from glycogen phosphorylase
e. removes a phosphate molecule from phosphorylase kinase

Answer 20

a. adds a phosphate molecule to phosphorylase kinase

Question 21

Protein kinase A

Select one:
a. Directly activates glycogen phosphorilase
b. activates glycogen synthase
c. converts ATP to cAMP
d. converts cAMP to ATP
e. deactivates glycogen synthase

Answer 21

e. deactivates glycogen synthase

Question 22

Protein kinase A directly

Select one:
a. deactivates glucokinase
b. deactivates glycogen phosphorylase c. activates glycogen phosphorylase
d. deactivates phosphorylase kinase
e. activates phosphorylase kinase

Answer 22

e. activates phosphorylase kinase
(which then activate glycogen phosphorylase)

Question 23

In glycogenesis, the enzyme (i)________ uses a molecule of (ii)_________ to lengthen the glycogen chain

Select one:
a. (i) glycogen synthase (ii) glucose
b. (i)glycogen phosphorylase (ii) glucose
c. (i) glycogen phosphorylase (ii) UDP-glucose
d. (i) glycogen synthase (ii) UDP-glucose
e. (i) glycogenin (ii) glucose-1-phosphate

Answer 23

d. (i) glycogen synthase (ii) UDP-glucose

Question 24

Patients suffering from Von Gierke’s disease
Select one:
a. cannot convert glucose-6-phosphate to glucose
b. have enlarged livers
c. cannot convert glycogen to glucose
d. have high plasma levels of lactate
e. all of them are correct

Answer 24

a. cannot convert glucose-6-phosphate to glucose

Question 25

Patients suffering from Von Gierke’s disease

Select one:
a. have a faulty glucose-6-phosphatase
b. cannot perform gluconeogenesis
c. tend to suffer from hypoglycemia between meals. d. have high plasma levels of lactate
e. All of them are correct

Answer 25

e. All of them are correct

Question 26

A person is suffering from a disease which is caused by a defective glucose-6-phosphatase. Such a person
Select one:

a. can breakdown glycogen completely to glucose
b. can convert pyruvate to glucose
c. can dephosphorylate glucose-6-phosphate
d. can convert glycogen to pyruvate
e. can convert acetyl-CoA to glucose

Answer 26

d. can convert glycogen to pyruvate

Question 27

A person is suffering from a disease in which is caused by a defective glucose-6-phosphatase. Such a person

Select one:
a. can convert acetyl-CoA to glucose
b. cannot breakdown glycogen completely to glucose
c. cannot convert acetyl-CoA to citric acid
d. cannot convert glycogen to pyruvate
e. would suffer no ill-effects from this defect

Answer 27

b. cannot breakdown glycogen completely to glucose

Question 28

In glycogenolysis, the enzyme (i)________ breaks an (ii) _______ bond to release a molecule of (iii)_________.

Select one:
a. (i) glycogen synthase (ii) alpha 1-4 (iii) glucose
b. (i) glycogen synthase (ii) alpha 1-4 (iii) UDP-glucose
c. (i) glycogen phosphorylase (ii) alpha 1-4 (iii) glucose-1-phosphate
d. (i) glycogen phosphorylase (ii) alpha 1-6 (iii) glucose-6-phosphate
e. (i) debranching enzyme (ii) alpha 1-6 (iii) glucose-1-phosphate

Answer 28

c. (i) glycogen phosphorylase (ii) alpha 1-4 (iii) glucose-1-phosphate

Question 29

What is true concerning glucose-6-phosphatase enzyme system?

Select one or more:
a. responsible for dephosphorylation of glucose-6-phosphate
b. expressed in the endoplasmic reticulum of hepatocytes
c. an enzyme system in gluconeogenic pathway
d. is involved in pentose-phosphate pathway

Answer 29

a. responsible for dephosphorylation of glucose-6-phosphate
b. expressed in the endoplasmic reticulum of hepatocytes
c. an enzyme system in gluconeogenic pathway

Question 30

Activity of phosphofructokinase1 is inhibited by

Select one or more:
a. ATP
b. citrate
c. fructose 2,6 bisphosphate
d. AMP

Answer 30

b. citrate
c. fructose 2,6 bisphosphate

Question 31

Lactate dehydrogenase

Select one or more:
a. requires NAD as hydrogen acceptor
b. requires NADP as hydrogen acceptor
c. catalyzes a reversible process
d. requires molecular oxygen

Answer 31

a. requires NAD as hydrogen acceptor
c. catalyzes a reversible process

Question 32

Which enzyme catalyzes the first ATP producing step of glycolysis?

Select one:
a. phosphofructokinase 1
b. hexokinase
c. pyruvate kinase
d. phosphoglycerate mutase
e. phosphoglycerate kinase

Answer 32

e. phosphoglycerate kinase

Question 33

Which enzyme catalyzes the second ATP producing step of glycolysis?

Select one:
a. phosphofructokinase 1
b. hexokinase
c. pyruvate kinase
d. phosphoglycerate mutase
e. phosphoglycerate kinase

Answer 33

c. pyruvate kinase

Question 34

Which are the ATP producing steps of glycolysis?

Select one or more:
a. phosphofructokinase 1
b. lactate-dehydrogenase
c. pyruvate kinase
d. glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase
e. phosphoglycerate kinase

Answer 34

c. pyruvate kinase
e. phosphoglycerate kinase

Question 35

Which are the ATP consuming steps of glycolysis?

Select one or more:
a. phosphofructokinase 1
b. lactate dehydrogenase
c. pyruvate kinase
d. hexokinase
e. phosphoglycerate kinase

Answer 35

c. pyruvate kinase
d. hexokinase

Question 36

Upon phosphorylation of phosphofructokinase 2 by protein kinase A in liver:

Select one:
a. it becomes active.
b. it becomes inactive.
c. phosphatase function is activated, kinase function is inactivated.
d. kinase function is activated, phosphatase function is inactivated.
e. phosphofructokinase 2 is not covalently regulated.

Answer 36

c. phosphatase function is activated, kinase function is inactivated.

Question 37

Which of the following amino acids are only ketogenic?

Select one or more:
a. Ser
b. Trp
c. Lys
d. Pro
e. Leu

Answer 37

c. Lys
e. Leu

Question 38

Which enzyme deficiency may result in lactic acidosis?

Select one or more:
a. Pyruvate kinase
b. Pyruvate dehydrogenase
c. Pyruvate carboxylase
d. Lactate dehydrogenase

Answer 38

b. Pyruvate dehydrogenase
c. Pyruvate carboxylase

Question 39

Which condition is not found in pyruvate carboxylase deficiency?

Select one:
a. Demyelination
b. Hyperammonemia
c. Hyperglycemia
d. Hypoglycemia
e. Lactic acidosis

Answer 39

c. Hyperglycemia

(High blood sugar (hyperglycaemia) is where the level of sugar in your blood is too high. )

Question 40

Which statements are true for hereditary fructose intolerance?

Select one or more:
a. It is caused by the inadequate function of aldolase B
b. It is accompanied by hypoglycemia
c. It results in liver damage
d. Glycogenolysis is increased
e. It results in the accumulation of fructose 1-phosphate

Answer 40

a. It is caused by the inadequate function of aldolase B
b. It is accompanied by hypoglycemia
c. It results in liver damage
e. It results in the accumulation of fructose 1-phosphate

Question 41

The allosteric activator of pyruvate carboxylase is:
Select one:

a. oxaloacetate
b. NADH
c. CoA
d. ATP
e. acetyl-coA

Answer 41

e. acetyl-coA

Question 42

Lactose can be formed in a single step from:

Select one or more:
a. glucose
b. UDP-galactose
c. glucosamin 6-phosphate
d. glucosamin 1-phosphate
e. glucose 1-phosphate

Answer 42

a. glucose
b. UDP-galactose

Question 43

Hypoglycemia develops when:

Select one:
a. glucagon secretion increases
b. glucokinase is defective
c. epinephrine level rises
d. insulin level is low.
e. there is an overproduction of insulin.

Answer 43

e. there is an overproduction of insulin.

Question 44

When is the glycogen pool of the liver depleted during fasting?

Select one:
a. in 6 hours
b. in 1 hour
c. in 24 hours
d. in 3 days
e. in a week

Answer 44

c. in 24 hours

Question 45

Choose the enzyme, the lack of which leads to fructose intolerance

Select one:
a. aldolase A (fructose 1,6-bisphosphate aldolase)
b. aldolase B (fructose 1-phosphate aldolase)
c. fructokinase
d. hexokinase
e. phosphofructokinase

Answer 45

b. aldolase B (fructose 1-phosphate aldolase)

Question 46

Glycolysis in the erythrocyte produces pyruvate that is further metabolized to:

Select one:
a. CO2.
b. lactate.
c. glucose.
d. hemoglobin.
e. ethanol.

Answer 46

b. lactate.

Question 47

Glycolysis in the erythrocyte produces pyruvate that is further metabolized to:

Select one:
a. CO2.
b. lactate.
c. glucose.
d. hemoglobin.
e. ethanol.

Answer 47

b. lactate.

Question 48

The first reaction in glycolysis that results in the formation of an energy-rich compound (i.e., a compound whose hydrolysis has a highly negative DG’°) is catalyzed by:

Select one:
a. glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase.
b. hexokinase.
c. phosphofructokinase-1.
d. phosphoglycerate kinase.
e. triose phosphate isomerase.

Answer 48

a. glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase.

Question 49

The conversion of 1 mol of fructose 1,6-bisphosphate to 2 mol of pyruvate by the glycolytic pathway results in a net formation of:

Select one:
a. 2 mol of NADH and 4 mol of ATP.
b. 2 mol of NADH and 2 mol of ATP.
c. 2 mol of NAD+ and 4 mol of ATP.
d. 1 mol of NADH and 1 mol of ATP.
e. 1 mol of NAD+ and 2 mol of ATP.

Answer 49

a. 2 mol of NADH and 4 mol of ATP.

Question 50

The anaerobic conversion of 1 mol of glucose to 2 mol of lactate is accompanied by a net gain of:

Select one:
a. 1 mol of ATP.
b. 1 mol of NADH.
c. 2 mol of ATP.
d. 2 mol of NADH.
e. none of the above.

Answer 50

c. 2 mol of ATP.

Question 51

Which of these cofactors participates directly in the oxidation-reduction reactions in the conversion of glucose to lactate?

Select one:
a. FAD/FADH2
b. NAD+/NADH
c. glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate
d. ATP
e. ADP

Answer 51

b. NAD+/NADH

Question 52

Glycogen is converted to monosaccharide units by:

Select one:
a. glycogenase.
b. glycogen synthase.
c. glycogen phosphorylase.
d. glucokinase.

Answer 52

c. glycogen phosphorylase.

Question 53

Classic galactosemia is a genetic error of metabolism associated with:

Select one:
a. excessive ingestion of galactose.
b. inability to digest lactose.
c. deficiency of galactokinase.
d. deficiency of galactose 1-phosphate uridylyltransferase.
e. deficiency of UDP-glucose.

Answer 53

d. deficiency of galactose 1-phosphate uridylyltransferase.

Question 54

The rate-limiting reaction in glycolysis is:

Select one:
a. the phosphorylation of glucose.
b. the phosphorylation of fructose 6-phosphate.
c. the isomerization of glucose 6-phosphate to fructose 6-phosphate.
d. the breakdown of glycogen.
e. some step in the conversion of fructose 1,6-bisphosphate to pyruvate.

Answer 54

b. the phosphorylation of fructose 6-phosphate.

Question 55

Glucokinase:

Select one:
a. is found in all mammalian tissues.
b. is a hexokinase isozyme found in liver hepatocytes and ß-cells.
c. converts glucose 6-phosphate to fructose 6-phosphate.
d. acts in the conversion of liver glycogen to glucose 1-phosphate

Answer 55

b. is a hexokinase isozyme found in liver hepatocytes and ß-cells.

Question 56

Epinephrine triggers an increased rate of glycogen breakdown in muscle by causing:

Select one:
a. activation of hexokinase.
b. activation of phosphofructokinase-1.
c. conversion of glycogen phosphorylase b to glycogen phosphorylase a.
d. the Pasteur effect.
e. Activation of protein phosphatase-1

Answer 56

c. conversion of glycogen phosphorylase b to glycogen phosphorylase a.

Question 57

The main function of the pentose phosphate pathway is to:

Select one:
a. supply energy.
b. give the cell an alternative pathway should glycolysis fail.
c. supply NADH.
d. provide a mechanism for the utilization of the carbon skeletons of excess amino acids.
e. supply pentoses and NADPH.

Answer 57

e. supply pentoses and NADPH.

Question 58

The oxidation of 3 mol of glucose by the pentose phosphate pathway may result in the production of:

Select one:
a. 3 mol of pentose, 4 mol of NADPH, and 3 mol of CO2.
b. 2 mol of pentose, 4 mol of NADPH, and 8 mol of CO2.
c. 3 mol of pentose, 6 mol of NADPH, and 3 mol of CO2.
d. 4 mol of pentose, 6 mol of NADPH, and 6 mol of CO2.

Answer 58

c. 3 mol of pentose, 6 mol of NADPH, and 3 mol of CO2.

(In the oxidative phase of PPP pathway,
G6P + 2 NADP+ + H2O -> Ribulose-5-P + 2 NADPH + 2H+ + CO2)

Question 59

Which of the following statements about the pentose phosphate pathway is correct?

Select one:
a. It provides precursors for the synthesis of nucleotides.
b. It is a reductive pathway; it consumes NADH.
c. It generates 36 mol of ATP per mole of glucose consumed.
d. It is present in plants, but not in animals.

Answer 59

a. It provides precursors for the synthesis of nucleotides.

Question 60

Which of the following enzymes acts in the pentose phosphate pathway?

Select one:
a. pyruvate kinase
b. phosphofructokinase-1
c. glycogen phosphorylase
d. aldolase
e. 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase

Answer 60

e. 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase

Question 61

The metabolic function of the pentose phosphate pathway is:

Select one:
a. to act as a source of ADP biosynthesis.
b. to generate NADPH and pentoses for the biosynthesis of fatty acids and nucleic acids.
c. to participate in oxidation-reduction reactions during the formation of H2O.
d. to provide intermediates for the citric acid cycle.
e. none of the above.

Answer 61

b. to generate NADPH and pentoses for the biosynthesis of fatty acids and nucleic acids.

Question 62

All of the following enzymes involved in glycolysis are also involved in gluconeogenesis except:

Select one:
a. 3-phosphoglycerate kinase.
b. aldolase.
c. enolase.
d. phosphofructokinase-1.
e. phosphoglucoisomerase.

Answer 62

d. phosphofructokinase-1.

Question 63

An enzyme used in both glycolysis and gluconeogenesis is:

Select one:
a. 3-phosphoglycerate kinase.
b. glucose 6-phosphatase.
c. hexokinase.
d. phosphofructokinase-1.
e. pyruvate kinase.

Answer 63

a. 3-phosphoglycerate kinase.

Question 64

Which one of the following statements about gluconeogenesis is false?

Select one:
a. For starting materials, it can use carbon skeletons derived from certain amino acids.
b. It requires metabolic energy (ATP or GTP).
c. It is one of the ways that mammals maintain normal blood glucose levels between meals.
d. It employs the enzyme glucose 6-phosphatase.
e. It consists entirely of the reactions of glycolysis, operating in the reverse direction.

Answer 64

e. It consists entirely of the reactions of glycolysis, operating in the reverse direction.

Question 65

A person who cannot synthesize liver fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase would probably not be able to:

Select one:
a. synthesize fats when the diet contained excess carbohydrate.
b. metabolize fructose.
c. convert fructose 1,6-bisphosphate into triose phosphates.
d. resynthesize glucose from lactate produced during exercise.
e. none of the above is correct.

Answer 65

d. resynthesize glucose from lactate produced during exercise.

Question 66

The glycogen-branching enzyme catalyzes:

Select one:
a. formation of (alpha 1-6) linkages during glycogen synthesis.
b. formation of (alpha 1-4) linkages in glycogen.
c. glycogen degradation in tree branches.
d. removal of glucose residues at the ends of branches.

Answer 66

a. formation of (alpha 1-6) linkages during glycogen synthesis.

Question 67

Glycogenin:

Select one:
a. catalyzes the conversion of starch into glycogen.
b. is the enzyme responsible for forming branches in glycogen.
c. is the gene that encodes glycogen synthase.
d. is the primer on which new glycogen chains are initiated.
e. regulates the synthesis of glycogen.

Answer 67

d. is the primer on which new glycogen chains are initiated.

Question 68

Which of the following is true of glycogen synthase?

Select one:
a. The enzyme has measurable activity only in liver.
b. The conversion of an active to an inactive form of the enzyme is directly controlled by the concentration of cAMP.
c. It catalyzes addition of glucose residues to the non-reducing end of a glycogen chain by formation of (alpha 1-4) bonds.
d. Activation of the enzyme involves a phosphorylation.

Answer 68

c. It catalyzes addition of glucose residues to the non-reducing end of a glycogen chain by formation of (alpha 1-4) bonds.

Question 69

Which of the following is true of glycogen synthesis and breakdown?

Select one:
a. Under normal circumstances glycogen synthesis and glycogen breakdown occur simultaneously and at high rates.
b. The immediate product of glycogen breakdown is free glucose.
c. The glycogen molecule ``grows’’ at its reducing end.
d. Synthesis is catalyzed by the same enzyme that catalyzes breakdown.
e. Phosphorylation activates the enzyme responsible for breakdown, and inactivates the synthetic enzyme.

Answer 69

e. Phosphorylation activates the enzyme responsible for breakdown, and inactivates the synthetic enzyme.

Question 70

Transketolase requires the coenzyme:

Select one:
a. thiamine pyrophosphate.
b. tetrahydrofolic acid.
c. pyridoxal phosphate.
d. cobalamin (vitamin B12).

Answer 70

a. thiamine pyrophosphate.

Question 71

Which of the following conversions requires more than one step?

Select one:
a. alanine →pyruvate
b. glutamate → alpha-ketoglutarate
c. aspartate →oxaloacetate
d. glutamin → alpha-ketoglutarate

Answer 71

d. glutamin → alpha-ketoglutarate

(glutamine -> glutamate catalyzed by glutaminase
- Glutamate is formed directly from glutamine by deamidation via phosphate activated glutaminase a reaction that also yields ammonia.)