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Psychology > 4.5: The biological approach to treating OCD > Flashcards

4.5: The biological approach to treating OCD Flashcards

1
Q

Biological treatments are based on the idea of correcting the biological abnormalities seen as causing OCD.
Drugs are the most common form of biological therapy, but what is also occasionally used as a treatment?

A
  1. Drugs are the most common form of biological therapy
    ,but
  2. Psychosurgery is also occasionally used as a treatment
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2
Q

Drug therapy

A

Drug therapy is treatment involving drugs - chemicals that have a particular effect on:
1. The functioning of the brain
Or,
2. Some other body system

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3
Q

Drug therapy is treatment involving drugs - chemicals that have a particular effect on the functioning of the brain or some other body system.
In the case of psychological disorders, what do such drugs usually do?

A

In the case of psychological disorders, such drugs usually affect neurotransmitter levels

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4
Q

Antidepressants are used to treat OCD, such as what?

A

Antidepressants are used to treat OCD, such as SSRIs

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5
Q

Antidepressants are used to treat OCD, such as SSRIs, which do what?

A

Antidepressants are used to treat OCD, such as SSRIs, which:

  1. Elevate levels of serotonin
  2. Cause the orbital frontal cortex to function at more normal levels
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6
Q

Antidepressants are used to treat OCD, such as SSRIs, which elevate levels of serotonin and cause the orbital frontal cortex to function at more normal levels.
What is the most common SSRI used with adults?

A

The most common SSRI used with adults is fluoxetine (Prozac)

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7
Q

Antidepressants are used to treat OCD, such as SSRIs, which elevate levels of serotonin and cause the orbital frontal cortex to function at more normal levels.
The most common SSRI used with adults is fluoxetine (Prozac).
For children aged 6 years, what is usually prescribed?

A

For children aged 6 years, sertraline is usually prescribed

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8
Q

Antidepressants are used to treat OCD, such as SSRIs, which elevate levels of serotonin and cause the orbital frontal cortex to function at more normal levels.
The most common SSRI used with adults is fluoxetine (Prozac).
For children aged 8 years and older, what is usually prescribed?

A

For children aged 8 years and older, fluvoxamine is usually prescribed

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9
Q

Antidepressants are used to treat OCD, such as SSRIs, which elevate levels of serotonin and cause the orbital frontal cortex to function at more normal levels.
The most common SSRI used with adults is fluoxetine (Prozac).
For children aged 6 years, sertraline is usually prescribed.
For children aged 8 years and older, fluvoxamine is usually prescribed.
How long does treatment usually last for?

A

Treatment usually lasts for between:
1. 12
2. 16
weeks

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10
Q

Antidepressants are used to treat OCD, such as SSRIs, which elevate levels of serotonin and cause the orbital frontal cortex to function at more normal levels.
The most common SSRI used with adults is fluoxetine (Prozac).
For children aged 6 years, sertraline is usually prescribed.
For children aged 8 years and older, fluvoxamine is usually prescribed.
Treatment usually lasts for between 12 and 16 weeks.
What are also used due to their anxiety-lowering properties?

A

Anxiolytic drugs are also used due to their anxiety-lowering properties

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11
Q

Antidepressants are used to treat OCD, such as SSRIs, which elevate levels of serotonin and cause the orbital frontal cortex to function at more normal levels.
The most common SSRI used with adults is fluoxetine (Prozac).
For children aged 6 years, sertraline is usually prescribed.
For children aged 8 years and older, fluvoxamine is usually prescribed.
Treatment usually lasts for between 12 and 16 weeks.
Anxiolytic drugs are also used due to their anxiety-lowering properties.
What have also proven useful in treating OCD?

A

Antipsychotic drugs that have a dopamine lowering effect have also proven useful in treating OCD

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12
Q

Antidepressants are used to treat OCD, such as SSRIs, which elevate levels of serotonin and cause the orbital frontal cortex to function at more normal levels.
The most common SSRI used with adults is fluoxetine (Prozac).
For children aged 6 years, sertraline is usually prescribed.
For children aged 8 years and older, fluvoxamine is usually prescribed.
Treatment usually lasts for between 12 and 16 weeks.
Anxiolytic drugs are also used due to their anxiety-lowering properties.
Antipsychotic drugs that have a dopamine lowering effect have also proven useful in treating OCD, but when are they only generally given?

A

Antipsychotic drugs that have a dopamine lowering effect have also proven useful in treating OCD, but they are only generally given when treatment when SSRIs:
1. Hasn’t proved effective
Or,
2. Incurs serious side effects

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13
Q

What do SSRIs stand for?

A

SSRIs stand for selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor

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14
Q

SSRIs stand for selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor - they are a what type of antidepressant drug?

A

SSRIs stand for selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor - they are a specific type of antidepressant drug

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15
Q

SSRIs stand for selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor - they are a specific type of antidepressant drug.
What do SSRIs work on?

A

SSRIs work on the serotonin system in the brain

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16
Q

SSRIs stand for selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor - they are a specific type of antidepressant drug.
SSRIs work on the serotonin system in the brain.
How is serotonin released?

A

Serotonin is released by certain neurons in the brain

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17
Q

SSRIs stand for selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor - they are a specific type of antidepressant drug.
SSRIs work on the serotonin system in the brain.
Serotonin is released by certain neurons in the brain, by what?

A

Serotonin is released by certain neurons in the brain, by the presynaptic neurons

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18
Q

SSRIs stand for selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor - they are a specific type of antidepressant drug.
SSRIs work on the serotonin system in the brain.
Serotonin is released by certain neurons in the brain, by the presynaptic neurons and travels where?

A

Serotonin:

  1. Is released by certain neurons in the brain, by the presynaptic neurons
  2. Travels across a synapse
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19
Q

SSRIs stand for selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor - they are a specific type of antidepressant drug.
SSRIs work on the serotonin system in the brain.
Serotonin is released by certain neurons in the brain, by the presynaptic neurons and travels across a synapse.
What does the neurotransmitter do?

A

The neurotransmitter chemically conveys the signal from the presynaptic neuron to the postsynaptic neuron

20
Q

SSRIs stand for selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor - they are a specific type of antidepressant drug.
SSRIs work on the serotonin system in the brain.
Serotonin is released by certain neurons in the brain, by the presynaptic neurons and travels across a synapse.
The neurotransmitter chemically conveys the signal from the presynaptic neuron to the postsynaptic neuron and then what?

A

The neurotransmitter chemically conveys the signal from the presynaptic neuron to the postsynaptic neuron and then it is reabsorbed by the presynaptic neuron

21
Q

SSRIs stand for selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor - they are a specific type of antidepressant drug.
SSRIs work on the serotonin system in the brain.
Serotonin is released by certain neurons in the brain, by the presynaptic neurons and travels across a synapse.
The neurotransmitter chemically conveys the signal from the presynaptic neuron to the postsynaptic neuron and then it is reabsorbed by the presynaptic neuron, where what?

A

The neurotransmitter chemically conveys the signal from the presynaptic neuron to the postsynaptic neuron and then it is reabsorbed by the presynaptic neuron, where it is:

  1. Broken down
  2. Re-used
22
Q

SSRIs stand for selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor - they are a specific type of antidepressant drug.
SSRIs work on the serotonin system in the brain.
Serotonin is released by certain neurons in the brain, by the presynaptic neurons and travels across a synapse.
The neurotransmitter chemically conveys the signal from the presynaptic neuron to the postsynaptic neuron and then it is reabsorbed by the presynaptic neuron, where it is broken down and re-used.
By preventing the re-absorption and breakdown of serotonin, what do SSRIs effectively do?

A

By preventing the re-absorption and breakdown of serotonin, SSRIs effectively:

  1. Increase its levels in the synapse
  2. Therefore continue to stimulate the postsynaptic neuron
23
Q

SSRIs stand for selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor - they are a specific type of antidepressant drug.
SSRIs work on the serotonin system in the brain.
Serotonin is released by certain neurons in the brain, by the presynaptic neurons and travels across a synapse.
The neurotransmitter chemically conveys the signal from the presynaptic neuron to the postsynaptic neuron and then it is reabsorbed by the presynaptic neuron, where it is broken down and re-used.
By preventing the re-absorption and breakdown of serotonin, SSRIs effectively increase its levels in the synapse and therefore continue to stimulate the postsynaptic neuron.
What does this compensate for in OCD?

A

This compensates for whatever is wrong with the serotonin system in OCD

24
Q

SSRIs stand for selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor - they are a specific type of antidepressant drug.
SSRIs work on the serotonin system in the brain.
Serotonin is released by certain neurons in the brain, by the presynaptic neurons and travels across a synapse.
The neurotransmitter chemically conveys the signal from the presynaptic neuron to the postsynaptic neuron and then it is reabsorbed by the presynaptic neuron, where it is broken down and re-used.
By preventing the re-absorption and breakdown of serotonin, SSRIs effectively increase its levels in the synapse and therefore continue to stimulate the postsynaptic neuron.
This compensates for whatever is wrong with the serotonin system in OCD.
What vary according to which SSRI is prescribed?

A
  1. Dosage
  2. Other advice
    vary according to which SSRI is prescribed
25
Q

SSRIs stand for selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor - they are a specific type of antidepressant drug.
SSRIs work on the serotonin system in the brain.
Serotonin is released by certain neurons in the brain, by the presynaptic neurons and travels across a synapse.
The neurotransmitter chemically conveys the signal from the presynaptic neuron to the postsynaptic neuron and then it is reabsorbed by the presynaptic neuron, where it is broken down and re-used.
By preventing the re-absorption and breakdown of serotonin, SSRIs effectively increase its levels in the synapse and therefore continue to stimulate the postsynaptic neuron.
This compensates for whatever is wrong with the serotonin system in OCD.
Dosage and other advice vary according to which SSRI is prescribed.
What is a typical daily dose of fluoxetine?

A

A typical daily dose of fluoxetine is 20mg

26
Q

SSRIs stand for selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor - they are a specific type of antidepressant drug.
SSRIs work on the serotonin system in the brain.
Serotonin is released by certain neurons in the brain, by the presynaptic neurons and travels across a synapse.
The neurotransmitter chemically conveys the signal from the presynaptic neuron to the postsynaptic neuron and then it is reabsorbed by the presynaptic neuron, where it is broken down and re-used.
By preventing the re-absorption and breakdown of serotonin, SSRIs effectively increase its levels in the synapse and therefore continue to stimulate the postsynaptic neuron.
This compensates for whatever is wrong with the serotonin system in OCD.
Dosage and other advice vary according to which SSRI is prescribed.
A typical daily dose of fluoxetine is 20mg, but this may be increased, why?

A

A typical daily dose of fluoxetine is 20mg, but this may be increased, if it is not benefitting the patient

27
Q

SSRIs stand for selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor - they are a specific type of antidepressant drug.
SSRIs work on the serotonin system in the brain.
Serotonin is released by certain neurons in the brain, by the presynaptic neurons and travels across a synapse.
The neurotransmitter chemically conveys the signal from the presynaptic neuron to the postsynaptic neuron and then it is reabsorbed by the presynaptic neuron, where it is broken down and re-used.
By preventing the re-absorption and breakdown of serotonin, SSRIs effectively increase its levels in the synapse and therefore continue to stimulate the postsynaptic neuron.
This compensates for whatever is wrong with the serotonin system in OCD.
Dosage and other advice vary according to which SSRI is prescribed.
A typical daily dose of fluoxetine is 20mg, but this may be increased, if it is not benefitting the patient.
How is the drug available?

A

The drug is available as:
1. Capsules
Or,
2. Liquid

28
Q

SSRIs stand for selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor - they are a specific type of antidepressant drug.
SSRIs work on the serotonin system in the brain.
Serotonin is released by certain neurons in the brain, by the presynaptic neurons and travels across a synapse.
The neurotransmitter chemically conveys the signal from the presynaptic neuron to the postsynaptic neuron and then it is reabsorbed by the presynaptic neuron, where it is broken down and re-used.
By preventing the re-absorption and breakdown of serotonin, SSRIs effectively increase its levels in the synapse and therefore continue to stimulate the postsynaptic neuron.
This compensates for whatever is wrong with the serotonin system in OCD.
Dosage and other advice vary according to which SSRI is prescribed.
A typical daily dose of fluoxetine is 20mg, but this may be increased, if it is not benefitting the patient.
The drug is available as capsules or liquid.
It takes how long of daily use for SSRIs to have much impact on symptoms?

A 
It takes:
1. 3
to
2. 4
months of daily use for SSRIs to have much impact on symptoms
29
Q

Drugs are often used alongside cognitive behaviour therapy (CBT) to treat OCD.
What do the drugs reduce?

A

The drugs reduce a patient’s emotional symptoms

30
Q

Drugs are often used alongside cognitive behaviour therapy (CBT) to treat OCD.
The drugs reduce a patient’s emotional symptoms, for example what?

A

The drugs reduce a patient’s emotional symptoms, for example, feeling:
1. Anxious
Or,
2. Depressed

31
Q

Drugs are often used alongside cognitive behaviour therapy (CBT) to treat OCD.
The drugs reduce a patient’s emotional symptoms, for example, feeling anxious or depressed.
What does this mean?

A

This means that patients can then engage more effectively with the CBT

32
Q

Drugs are often used alongside cognitive behaviour therapy (CBT) to treat OCD.
The drugs reduce a patient’s emotional symptoms, for example, feeling anxious or depressed.
This means that patients can then engage more effectively with the CBT.
In practice, what?

A

In practice:
1. Some people respond best to CBT alone
,while
2. Other people benefit more from drugs like fluoxetine

33
Q

Drugs are often used alongside cognitive behaviour therapy (CBT) to treat OCD.
The drugs reduce a patient’s emotional symptoms, for example, feeling anxious or depressed.
This means that patients can then engage more effectively with the CBT.
In practice, some people respond best to CBT alone, while other people benefit more from drugs like fluoxetine.
Occasionally, what?

A

Occasionally, other drugs are prescribed, alongside SSRIs

34
Q

Alternatives to SSRIs:

Where an SSRI is not effective after 3 to 4 months, what?

A

Where an SSRI is not effective after 3 to 4 months:
1. The dose can be increased (for example, up to 60mg a day for fluoxetine)
Or,
2. It can be combined with other drugs

35
Q

Alternatives to SSRIs:
Where an SSRI is not effective after 3 to 4 months, the dose can be increased (for example, up to 60mg a day for fluoxetine) or it can be combined with other drugs.
Sometimes, what are tried?

A

Sometimes, different antidepressants are tried

36
Q

Alternatives to SSRIs:
Where an SSRI is not effective after 3 to 4 months, the dose can be increased (for example, up to 60mg a day for fluoxetine) or it can be combined with other drugs.
Sometimes, different antidepressants are tried.
How do patients respond to different drugs?

A

Patients respond very differently to different drugs

37
Q

Alternatives to SSRIs:
Where an SSRI is not effective after 3 to 4 months, the dose can be increased (for example, up to 60mg a day for fluoxetine) or it can be combined with other drugs.
Sometimes, different antidepressants are tried.
Patients respond very differently to different drugs and alternatives work well for some people and not at all for others.
What are tricyclics?

A

Tricyclics are an older type of antidepressant

38
Q

Alternatives to SSRIs:
Where an SSRI is not effective after 3 to 4 months, the dose can be increased (for example, up to 60mg a day for fluoxetine) or it can be combined with other drugs.
Sometimes, different antidepressants are tried.
Patients respond very differently to different drugs and alternatives work well for some people and not at all for others.
Tricyclics are an older type of antidepressant.
Tricyclics are sometimes used, such as what?

A

Tricyclics are sometimes used, such as clomipramine

39
Q

Alternatives to SSRIs:
Where an SSRI is not effective after 3 to 4 months, the dose can be increased (for example, up to 60mg a day for fluoxetine) or it can be combined with other drugs.
Sometimes, different antidepressants are tried.
Patients respond very differently to different drugs and alternatives work well for some people and not at all for others.
Tricyclics are an older type of antidepressant.
Tricyclics are sometimes used, such as clomipramine.
These have the same effect on the serotonin system as what?

A

These have the same effect on the serotonin system as SSRIs

40
Q

Alternatives to SSRIs:
Where an SSRI is not effective after 3 to 4 months, the dose can be increased (for example, up to 60mg a day for fluoxetine) or it can be combined with other drugs.
Sometimes, different antidepressants are tried.
Patients respond very differently to different drugs and alternatives work well for some people and not at all for others.
Tricyclics are an older type of antidepressant.
Tricyclics are sometimes used, such as clomipramine.
These have the same effect on the serotonin system as SSRIs.
Why is clomipramine generally kept in reserve for patents who do not respond to SSRIs?

A

Clomipramine is generally kept in reserve for patients who do not respond to SSRIs, because it has more severe side effects than SSRIs

41
Q

Alternatives to SSRIs:
Where an SSRI is not effective after 3 to 4 months, the dose can be increased (for example, up to 60mg a day for fluoxetine) or it can be combined with other drugs.
Sometimes, different antidepressants are tried.
Patients respond very differently to different drugs and alternatives work well for some people and not at all for others.
Tricyclics are an older type of antidepressant.
Tricyclics are sometimes used, such as clomipramine.
These have the same effect on the serotonin system as SSRIs.
Clomipramine is generally kept in reserve for patients who do not respond to SSRIs, because it has more severe side effects than SSRIs.
What do SNRIs stand for?

A

SNRIs stand for serotonin-noradrenaline reuptake inhibitors

42
Q

Alternatives to SSRIs:
Where an SSRI is not effective after 3 to 4 months, the dose can be increased (for example, up to 60mg a day for fluoxetine) or it can be combined with other drugs.
Sometimes, different antidepressants are tried.
Patients respond very differently to different drugs and alternatives work well for some people and not at all for others.
Tricyclics are an older type of antidepressant.
Tricyclics are sometimes used, such as clomipramine.
These have the same effect on the serotonin system as SSRIs.
Clomipramine is generally kept in reserve for patients who do not respond to SSRIs, because it has more severe side effects than SSRIs.
SNRIs stand for serotonin-noradrenaline reuptake inhibitors.
In the last 5 years, what?

A

In the last 5 years, a different class of antidepressant drugs called SNRIs has also been used to treat OCD

43
Q

Alternatives to SSRIs:
Where an SSRI is not effective after 3 to 4 months, the dose can be increased (for example, up to 60mg a day for fluoxetine) or it can be combined with other drugs.
Sometimes, different antidepressants are tried.
Patients respond very differently to different drugs and alternatives work well for some people and not at all for others.
Tricyclics are an older type of antidepressant.
Tricyclics are sometimes used, such as clomipramine.
These have the same effect on the serotonin system as SSRIs.
Clomipramine is generally kept in reserve for patients who do not respond to SSRIs, because it has more severe side effects than SSRIs.
SNRIs stand for serotonin-noradrenaline reuptake inhibitors.
In the last 5 years, a different class of antidepressant drugs called SNRIs has also been used to treat OCD.
These are, like clomipramine, what?

A

These are, like clomipramine, a second line of defence for patients who don’t respond to SSRIs

44
Q

Alternatives to SSRIs:
Where an SSRI is not effective after 3 to 4 months, the dose can be increased (for example, up to 60mg a day for fluoxetine) or it can be combined with other drugs.
Sometimes, different antidepressants are tried.
Patients respond very differently to different drugs and alternatives work well for some people and not at all for others.
Tricyclics are an older type of antidepressant.
Tricyclics are sometimes used, such as clomipramine.
These have the same effect on the serotonin system as SSRIs.
Clomipramine is generally kept in reserve for patients who do not respond to SSRIs, because it has more severe side effects than SSRIs.
SNRIs stand for serotonin-noradrenaline reuptake inhibitors.
In the last 5 years, a different class of antidepressant drugs called SNRIs has also been used to treat OCD.
These are, like clomipramine, a second line of defence for patients who don’t respond to SSRIs.
What do SNRIs do?

A

SNRIs increase the:
1. Levels of serotonin
,as well as
2. Another different neurotransmitter - noradrenaline

45
Q

Low levels of serotonin are associated with both obsessions and compulsions, so what do OCD drug treatments mainly target (select)?

A

Low levels of serotonin are associated with both obsessions and compulsions, so OCD drug treatments mainly target (select) the serotonin re-uptake system

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