3.1: Caregiver-infant interactions in humans

Question 1

Precocial animals

Answer 1

Precocial animals are animals born at a fairly advanced stage of development

Question 2

Precocial animals are animals born at a fairly advanced stage of development.
Example

Answer 2

For example, foals (horses) are able to:
1. Walk
2. Run around
soon after birth

Question 3

Precocial animals are animals born at a fairly advanced stage of development.
For example, foals (horses) are able to walk and run around soon after birth.
However, what are human babies?

Answer 3

Human babies are altricial

Question 4

Precocial animals are animals born at a fairly advanced stage of development.
For example, foals (horses) are able to walk and run around soon after birth.
However, human babies are altricial.
What does this mean?

Answer 4

This means that human babies are born at a relatively early stage of development

Question 5

Precocial animals are animals born at a fairly advanced stage of development.
For example, foals (horses) are able to walk and run around soon after birth.
However, human babies are altricial.
This means that human babies are born at a relatively early stage of development and so what do they need to do?

Answer 5

This means that human babies are born at a relatively early stage of development and so they need to form attachment bonds with adults who will:
1. Protect
2. Nurture
them

Question 6

Precocial animals are animals born at a fairly advanced stage of development.
For example, foals (horses) are able to walk and run around soon after birth.
However, human babies are altricial.
This means that human babies are born at a relatively early stage of development and so they need to form attachment bonds with adults who will protect and nurture them.
What is this linked to?

Answer 6

This is linked to the evolutionary theory

Question 7

Precocial animals are animals born at a fairly advanced stage of development.
For example, foals (horses) are able to walk and run around soon after birth.
However, human babies are altricial.
This means that human babies are born at a relatively early stage of development and so they need to form attachment bonds with adults who will protect and nurture them.
This is linked to the evolutionary theory - what?

Answer 7

This is linked to the evolutionary theory - survival of the fittest

Question 8

Precocial animals are animals born at a fairly advanced stage of development.
For example, foals (horses) are able to walk and run around soon after birth.
However, human babies are altricial.
This means that human babies are born at a relatively early stage of development and so they need to form attachment bonds with adults who will protect and nurture them.
This is linked to the evolutionary theory - survival of the fittest.
If an attachment is not formed, what will happen?

Answer 8

If an attachment is not formed:

1. The primary caregiver will not care or raise the human babies properly
2. Then they would not survive

Question 9

Precocial animals are animals born at a fairly advanced stage of development.
For example, foals (horses) are able to walk and run around soon after birth.
However, human babies are altricial.
This means that human babies are born at a relatively early stage of development and so they need to form attachment bonds with adults who will protect and nurture them.
This is linked to the evolutionary theory - survival of the fittest.
If an attachment is not formed, the primary caregiver will not care or raise the human babies properly and then they would not survive.
This is why what?

Answer 9

This why human babies are dependent

Question 10

Precocial animals are animals born at a fairly advanced stage of development.
For example, foals (horses) are able to walk and run around soon after birth.
However, human babies are altricial.
This means that human babies are born at a relatively early stage of development and so they need to form attachment bonds with adults who will protect and nurture them.
This is linked to the evolutionary theory - survival of the fittest.
If an attachment is not formed, the primary caregiver will not care or raise the human babies properly and then they would not survive.
This is why human babies are dependent.
What is the short-term benefit?

Answer 10

The short-term benefit is survival

Question 11

Precocial animals are animals born at a fairly advanced stage of development.
For example, foals (horses) are able to walk and run around soon after birth.
However, human babies are altricial.
This means that human babies are born at a relatively early stage of development and so they need to form attachment bonds with adults who will protect and nurture them.
This is linked to the evolutionary theory - survival of the fittest.
If an attachment is not formed, the primary caregiver will not care or raise the human babies properly and then they would not survive.
This is why human babies are dependent.
The short-term benefit is survival.
What is the long-term benefit?

Answer 11

The long-term benefit is emotional relationships

Question 12

Precocial animals are animals born at a fairly advanced stage of development.
For example, foals (horses) are able to walk and run around soon after birth.
However, human babies are altricial.
This means that human babies are born at a relatively early stage of development and so they need to form attachment bonds with adults who will protect and nurture them.
This is linked to the evolutionary theory - survival of the fittest.
If an attachment is not formed, the primary caregiver will not care or raise the human babies properly and then they would not survive.
This is why human babies are dependent.
The short-term benefit is survival.
The long-term benefit is emotional relationships.
It is believed that this first relationships acts as what?

Answer 12

It is believed that this first relationships acts as a template for later relationships

Question 13

When their babies are born, what do mothers have?

Answer 13

When their babies are born, mothers have instant skin-to-skin contact

Question 14

When their babies are born, mothers have instant skin-to-skin contact.
What is there also?

Answer 14

There is also skin-to-skin contact for fathers

Question 15

What are all human babies born with?

Answer 15

All human babies are born with black and white vision

Question 16

All human babies are born with black and white vision.

They can’t see in colour until when?

Answer 16

They can’t see in colour until they are a few months old

Question 17

Attachment

Answer 17

An attachment is an enduring, two-way, emotional tie to a specific other person (especially between a parent and child) that develops in set stages within a fairly set timescale

Question 18

Attachment is an enduring, two-way, emotional tie to a specific other person (especially between a parent and child), which develops in set stages within a fairly set timescale.
The individual sees the other as essential for what?

Answer 18

The individual sees the other as essential for their own emotional security

Question 19

How long does an attachment take to develop?

Answer 19

An attachment takes a few months to develop

Question 20

An attachment takes a few months to develop.

What is it not?

Answer 20

It is not instant

Question 21

An attachment takes a few months to develop.

It is not instant, why?

Answer 21

It is not instant, because an attachment bond is not present at birth (it isn’t innate)

Question 22

An attachment can be seen to have developed when an infant shows what?

Answer 22

An attachment can be seen to have developed when an infant shows:

1. Stranger anxiety
2. Separation protest

Question 23

An attachment can be seen to have developed when an infant shows stranger anxiety and separation protest.
Stranger anxiety

Answer 23

Stranger anxiety is distress in the presence of unknown individuals

Question 24

An attachment can be seen to have developed when an infant shows stranger anxiety and separation protest.
Separation protest

Answer 24

Separation protest is distress at the absence of a specific person

Question 25

Attachment bonds are characterised by an infant’s desire to keep close proximity to a particular individual and by the expression of distress if the infant is separated from that person.
This particular individual gives an infant a sense of security and is usually the child’s mother, though attachments can be provided by anyone who provides such what?

Answer 25

This particular individual gives an infant a sense of security and is usually the child’s mother, though attachments can be provided by anyone who provides such:

1. Comfort
2. Security

Question 26

Attachment bonds are characterised by an infant’s desire to keep close proximity to a particular individual and by the expression of distress if the infant is separated from that person.
This particular individual gives an infant a sense of security and is usually the child’s mother, though attachments can be provided by anyone who provides such comfort and security.
Attachment behaviours:
Proximity

Answer 26

Proximity is that people try to stay physically close to those they are attached to

Question 27

Attachment bonds are characterised by an infant’s desire to keep close proximity to a particular individual and by the expression of distress if the infant is separated from that person.
This particular individual gives an infant a sense of security and is usually the child’s mother, though attachments can be provided by anyone who provides such comfort and security.
Attachment behaviours:
Secure base behaviour

Answer 27

Secure base behaviour is that people:
1. Explore the environment
,but
2. Return to the attachment figure for comfort

Question 28

What do interactions between a carer and an infant serve to do?

Answer 28

Interactions between a carer and an infant serve to:
1. Develop
2. Maintain
an attachment bond between them

Question 29

Interactions between a carer and an infant serve to develop and maintain an attachment bond between them.
Even though an infant can’t talk at this stage of its development, what is communication between carer and infant?

Answer 29

Even though an infant can’t talk at this stage of its development, communication between carer and infant is:

1. Rich
2. Complex

Question 30

Interactions between a carer and an infant serve to develop and maintain an attachment bond between them.
Even though an infant can’t talk at this stage of its development, communication between carer and infant is rich and complex and occurs how?

Answer 30

Even though an infant can’t talk at this stage of its development, communication between carer and infant is rich and complex and occurs in several ways:

1. Bodily contact
2. Mimicking
3. Caregiverese
4. Interactional synchrony
5. Reciprocity

Question 31

Even though an infant can’t talk at this stage of its development, communication between carer and infant is rich and complex and occurs in several ways - Bodily contact, mimicking, caregiverese, interactional synchrony and reciprocity.
1. Bodily contact - What between carer and infant help to form the attachment bond?

Answer 31

Physical interactions between:
1. Carer
2. Infant
help to form the attachment bond

Question 32

Even though an infant can’t talk at this stage of its development, communication between carer and infant is rich and complex and occurs in several ways - Bodily contact, mimicking, caregiverese, interactional synchrony and reciprocity.
1. Bodily contact - Physical interactions between carer and infant help to form the attachment bond, especially when?

Answer 32

Physical interactions between:
1. Carer
2. Infant
help to form the attachment bond, especially in the period immediately after birth

Question 33

Even though an infant can’t talk at this stage of its development, communication between carer and infant is rich and complex and occurs in several ways - Bodily contact, mimicking, caregiverese, interactional synchrony and reciprocity.

1. Bodily contact - Physical interactions between carer and infant help to form the attachment bond, especially in the period immediately after birth (links to skin-to-skin contact).
2. Mimicking - What do infants seem to have?

Answer 33

Infants seem to have an innate ability to imitate carers’ facial expressions

Question 34

Even though an infant can’t talk at this stage of its development, communication between carer and infant is rich and complex and occurs in several ways - Bodily contact, mimicking, caregiverese, interactional synchrony and reciprocity.

1. Bodily contact - Physical interactions between carer and infant help to form the attachment bond, especially in the period immediately after birth (links to skin-to-skin contact).
2. Mimicking - Infants seem to have an innate ability to imitate carers’ facial expressions, which suggests what?

Answer 34

Infants seem to have an innate ability to imitate carers’ facial expressions, which suggests that it is a biological device to aid the formation of attachments

Question 35

Even though an infant can’t talk at this stage of its development, communication between carer and infant is rich and complex and occurs in several ways - Bodily contact, mimicking, caregiverese, interactional synchrony and reciprocity.

1. Bodily contact - Physical interactions between carer and infant help to form the attachment bond, especially in the period immediately after birth (links to skin-to-skin contact).
2. Mimicking - Infants seem to have an innate ability to imitate carers’ facial expressions, which suggests that it is a biological device to aid the formation of attachments (links to the evolutionary theory - infants have evolved this for survival - to form attachments with adults who will protect and nurture them).
3. Caregiverese - What do adults who interact with infants use?

Answer 35

Adults who interact with infants use a modified form of vocal language

Question 36

Even though an infant can’t talk at this stage of its development, communication between carer and infant is rich and complex and occurs in several ways - Bodily contact, mimicking, caregiverese, interactional synchrony and reciprocity.

1. Bodily contact - Physical interactions between carer and infant help to form the attachment bond, especially in the period immediately after birth (links to skin-to-skin contact).
2. Mimicking - Infants seem to have an innate ability to imitate carers’ facial expressions, which suggests that it is a biological device to aid the formation of attachments (links to the evolutionary theory - infants have evolved this for survival - to form attachments with adults who will protect and nurture them).
3. Caregiverese - Adults who interact with infants use a modified form of vocal language that is what?

Answer 36

Adults who interact with infants use a modified form of vocal language that is:

1. High-pitched
2. Song-like in nature
3. Slow
4. Repetitive

Question 37

Even though an infant can’t talk at this stage of its development, communication between carer and infant is rich and complex and occurs in several ways - Bodily contact, mimicking, caregiverese, interactional synchrony and reciprocity.
1. Bodily contact - Physical interactions between carer and infant help to form the attachment bond, especially in the period immediately after birth (links to skin-to-skin contact).
2. Mimicking - Infants seem to have an innate ability to imitate carers’ facial expressions, which suggests that it is a biological device to aid the formation of attachments (links to the evolutionary theory - infants have evolved this for survival - to form attachments with adults who will protect and nurture them).
3. Caregiverese - Adults who interact with infants use a modified form of vocal language that is high-pitched, song-like in nature, slow and repetitive.
What does this do?

Answer 37

This:

1. Aids communication between carer and infant
2. Serves to strengthen the attachment bond

Question 38

Even though an infant can’t talk at this stage of its development, communication between carer and infant is rich and complex and occurs in several ways - Bodily contact, mimicking, caregiverese, interactional synchrony and reciprocity.
1. Bodily contact - Physical interactions between carer and infant help to form the attachment bond, especially in the period immediately after birth (links to skin-to-skin contact).
2. Mimicking - Infants seem to have an innate ability to imitate carers’ facial expressions, which suggests that it is a biological device to aid the formation of attachments (links to the evolutionary theory - infants have evolved this for survival - to form attachments with adults who will protect and nurture them).
3. Caregiverese - Adults who interact with infants use a modified form of vocal language that is high-pitched, song-like in nature, slow and repetitive.
This aids communication between carer and infant and serves to strengthen the attachment bond.
4. Interactional synchrony - What do infants do to create a kind of turn-taking?

Answer 38

Infants move their bodies in tune with the rhythm of carers’ spoken language to create a kind of turn-taking

Question 39

Even though an infant can’t talk at this stage of its development, communication between carer and infant is rich and complex and occurs in several ways - Bodily contact, mimicking, caregiverese, interactional synchrony and reciprocity.
1. Bodily contact - Physical interactions between carer and infant help to form the attachment bond, especially in the period immediately after birth (links to skin-to-skin contact).
2. Mimicking - Infants seem to have an innate ability to imitate carers’ facial expressions, which suggests that it is a biological device to aid the formation of attachments (links to the evolutionary theory - infants have evolved this for survival - to form attachments with adults who will protect and nurture them).
3. Caregiverese - Adults who interact with infants use a modified form of vocal language that is high-pitched, song-like in nature, slow and repetitive.
This aids communication between carer and infant and serves to strengthen the attachment bond.
4. Interactional synchrony - Infants move their bodies in tune with the rhythm of carers’ spoken language to create a kind of turn-taking, as seen with what?

Answer 39

Infants move their bodies in tune with the rhythm of carers’ spoken language to create a kind of turn-taking, as seen with two-way vocal conversations

Question 40

Even though an infant can’t talk at this stage of its development, communication between carer and infant is rich and complex and occurs in several ways - Bodily contact, mimicking, caregiverese, interactional synchrony and reciprocity.
1. Bodily contact - Physical interactions between carer and infant help to form the attachment bond, especially in the period immediately after birth (links to skin-to-skin contact).
2. Mimicking - Infants seem to have an innate ability to imitate carers’ facial expressions, which suggests that it is a biological device to aid the formation of attachments (links to the evolutionary theory - infants have evolved this for survival - to form attachments with adults who will protect and nurture them).
3. Caregiverese - Adults who interact with infants use a modified form of vocal language that is high-pitched, song-like in nature, slow and repetitive.
This aids communication between carer and infant and serves to strengthen the attachment bond.
4. Interactional synchrony - Infants move their bodies in tune with the rhythm of carers’ spoken language to create a kind of turn-taking, as seen with two-way vocal conversations.
What does this again serve to do?

Answer 40

This again serves to reinforce the attachment bond

Question 41

Even though an infant can’t talk at this stage of its development, communication between carer and infant is rich and complex and occurs in several ways - Bodily contact, mimicking, caregiverese, interactional synchrony and reciprocity.
1. Bodily contact - Physical interactions between carer and infant help to form the attachment bond, especially in the period immediately after birth (links to skin-to-skin contact).
2. Mimicking - Infants seem to have an innate ability to imitate carers’ facial expressions, which suggests that it is a biological device to aid the formation of attachments (links to the evolutionary theory - infants have evolved this for survival - to form attachments with adults who will protect and nurture them).
3. Caregiverese - Adults who interact with infants use a modified form of vocal language that is high-pitched, song-like in nature, slow and repetitive.
This aids communication between carer and infant and serves to strengthen the attachment bond.
4. Interactional synchrony - Infants move their bodies in tune with the rhythm of carers’ spoken language to create a kind of turn-taking, as seen with two-way vocal conversations.
This again serves to reinforce the attachment bond.
5. Reciprocity - What result in mutual behaviour?

Answer 41

Interactions between:
1. Carers
2. Infants
result in mutual behaviour

Question 42

Even though an infant can’t talk at this stage of its development, communication between carer and infant is rich and complex and occurs in several ways - Bodily contact, mimicking, caregiverese, interactional synchrony and reciprocity.
1. Bodily contact - Physical interactions between carer and infant help to form the attachment bond, especially in the period immediately after birth (links to skin-to-skin contact).
2. Mimicking - Infants seem to have an innate ability to imitate carers’ facial expressions, which suggests that it is a biological device to aid the formation of attachments (links to the evolutionary theory - infants have evolved this for survival - to form attachments with adults who will protect and nurture them).
3. Caregiverese - Adults who interact with infants use a modified form of vocal language that is high-pitched, song-like in nature, slow and repetitive.
This aids communication between carer and infant and serves to strengthen the attachment bond.
4. Interactional synchrony - Infants move their bodies in tune with the rhythm of carers’ spoken language to create a kind of turn-taking, as seen with two-way vocal conversations.
This again serves to reinforce the attachment bond.
5. Reciprocity - Interactions between carers and infants result in mutual behaviour, with both parties being able to do what?

Answer 42

Interactions between:
1. Carers
2. Infants
result in mutual behaviour, with both parties being able to produce responses from each other

Question 43

Even though an infant can’t talk at this stage of its development, communication between carer and infant is rich and complex and occurs in several ways - Bodily contact, mimicking, caregiverese, interactional synchrony and reciprocity.
1. Bodily contact - Physical interactions between carer and infant help to form the attachment bond, especially in the period immediately after birth (links to skin-to-skin contact).
2. Mimicking - Infants seem to have an innate ability to imitate carers’ facial expressions, which suggests that it is a biological device to aid the formation of attachments (links to the evolutionary theory - infants have evolved this for survival - to form attachments with adults who will protect and nurture them).
3. Caregiverese - Adults who interact with infants use a modified form of vocal language that is high-pitched, song-like in nature, slow and repetitive.
This aids communication between carer and infant and serves to strengthen the attachment bond.
4. Interactional synchrony - Infants move their bodies in tune with the rhythm of carers’ spoken language to create a kind of turn-taking, as seen with two-way vocal conversations.
This again serves to reinforce the attachment bond.
5. Reciprocity - Interactions between carers and infants result in mutual behaviour, with both parties being able to produce responses from each other, which also helps to do what?

Answer 43

Interactions between:
1. Carers
2. Infants
result in mutual behaviour, with both parties being able to produce responses from each other, which also helps to fortify the attachment bond

Question 44

From an early age, babies have meaningful social interactions with carers.
These are important in the development of attachment.
What are these?

Answer 44

These are:

1. Interactional synchrony
2. Reciprocity

Question 45

Interactional synchrony

Answer 45

Interactional synchrony is the co-ordinated rhythmic exchanges between:

1. Carer
2. Infant

Question 46

Reciprocity

Answer 46

Reciprocity is the interaction of similar behaviour patterns between:

1. Carer
2. Infant

Question 47

Interactional synchrony:
Interactional synchrony is the co-ordinated rhythmic exchanges between carer and infant.
The mother and infant reflect both what?

Answer 47

The mother and infant reflect both the:
1. Actions
2. Emotions
of the other

Question 48

Interactional synchrony:
Interactional synchrony is the co-ordinated rhythmic exchanges between carer and infant.
The mother and infant reflect both the actions and the emotions of the other and so this is a what way?

Answer 48

The mother and infant reflect both the:
1. Actions
2. Emotions
of the other and so this is a co-ordinated (synchronised) way

Question 49

An example of reciprocity

Answer 49

An example of reciprocity is how mother-infant interaction is reciprocal (two-way), because the infant and the mother:

1. Respond to each others’ signals
2. Each elicit a response from the other

Question 50

An example of reciprocity is how mother-infant interaction is reciprocal (two-way), because the infant and the mother respond to each others’ signals and each elicit a response from the other.
What does help to do?

Answer 50

This helps to facilitate an attachment

Question 51

An example of reciprocity is how mother-infant interaction is reciprocal (two-way), because the infant and the mother respond to each others’ signals and each elicit a response from the other.
This helps to facilitate an attachment.
Another example of reciprocity

Answer 51

Another example of reciprocity is how babies have ‘alert phases’ that signal that they’re ready for interaction

Question 52

Another example of reciprocity is how babies have ‘alert phases’ that signal that they’re ready for interaction.
Who (what year) looked at this in particular?

Answer 52

Feldman and Eidelman (2007) looked at this in particular

Question 53

Another example of reciprocity is how babies have ‘alert phases’ that signal that they’re ready for interaction.
Feldman and Eidelman (2007) looked at this in particular.
What do mothers typically do?

Answer 53

Mothers typically:
1. Pick up
2. Respond to
alertness

Question 54

Another example of reciprocity is how babies have ‘alert phases’ that signal that they’re ready for interaction.
Feldman and Eidelman (2007) looked at this in particular.
Mothers typically pick up and respond to alertness (how much of the time)?

Answer 54

Mothers typically:
1. Pick up
2. Respond to
alertness (2/3 of the time)

Question 55

What did Feldman (2007) say?

Answer 55

Feldman (2007) said that from 3+ months, interaction:

1. Tends to be more frequent
2. Involves close attention to each others’ verbal signals and facial expressions

Question 56

Who (what year) described interaction as a ‘dance’?

Answer 56

Brazelton et al. (1975) described interaction as a ‘dance’

Question 57

Brazelton et al. (1975) described interaction as a ‘dance,’ why?

Answer 57

Brazelton et al. (1975) described interaction as a ‘dance,’ because each partner responds to the other’s moves

Question 58

Who (what year) found that infants aged 2 to 3 weeks tended to mimic adults’ specific facial expressions and hand movements?

Answer 58

Meltzoff and Moore (1977) found that infants aged 2 to 3 weeks tended to mimic adult’s specific:

1. Facial expressions
2. Hand movements

Question 59

What was a practical application of Klaus and Kennell’s findings?

Answer 59

A practical application of Klaus and Kennell’s findings was that hospitals placed:
1. Mothers
2. Babies
in the same room in the days following birth

Question 60

A practical application of Klaus and Kennell’s findings was that hospitals placed mothers and babies in the same room in the days following birth, rather than the previous practice of doing what?

Answer 60

A practical application of Klaus and Kennell’s findings was that hospitals:
1. Placed mothers and babies in the same room in the days following birth
,rather than
2. The previous practice of rooming them apart

Question 61

A practical application of Klaus and Kennell’s findings was that hospitals placed mothers and babies in the same room in the days following birth, rather than the previous practice of rooming them apart, to do what?

Answer 61

A practical application of Klaus and Kennell’s findings was that hospitals:
1. Placed mothers and babies in the same room in the days following birth
,rather than
2. The previous practice of rooming them apart
,to encourage the formation of attachments

Question 62

An example of reciprocity is how mother-infant interaction is reciprocal (two-way), because the infant and the mother respond to each others’ signals and each elicit a response from the other.
This helps to facilitate an attachment.
Another example of reciprocity is how babies have ‘alert phases’ that signal that they’re ready for interaction.
Another example of reciprocity is the caregiver reacting and responding to the signals given out by the baby, providing comfort, warmth and empathy.
Doing what when he or she smiles?

Answer 62

Smiling back at the baby when:
1. He
Or,
2. She
smiles

Question 63

An example of reciprocity is how mother-infant interaction is reciprocal (two-way), because the infant and the mother respond to each others’ signals and each elicit a response from the other.
This helps to facilitate an attachment.
Another example of reciprocity is how babies have ‘alert phases’ that signal that they’re ready for interaction.
Another example of reciprocity is the caregiver reacting and responding to the signals given out by the baby, providing comfort, warmth and empathy.
Smiling back at the baby when he or she smiles.
Doing what when he or she cries?

Answer 63

1. Picking them up
2. Giving them a cuddle
   when he or she cries

Question 64

An example of reciprocity is how mother-infant interaction is reciprocal (two-way), because the infant and the mother respond to each others’ signals and each elicit a response from the other.
This helps to facilitate an attachment.
Another example of reciprocity is how babies have ‘alert phases’ that signal that they’re ready for interaction.
Another example of reciprocity is the caregiver reacting and responding to the signals given out by the baby, providing comfort, warmth and empathy.
Smiling back at the baby when he or she smiles.
Picking them up and giving them a cuddle when he or she cries.
What will negative reciprocal processes do?

Answer 64

Negative reciprocal processes:
1. Still will contribute to an attachment
,but
2. One which will not be advantageous to the child’s development

Question 65

‘Caregiverese’ has seen to be used by adults to who?

Answer 65

‘Caregiverese’ has seen to be used by adults to:
1. All infants
,not just
2. Those they have an attachment with

Question 66

‘Caregiverese’ has seen to be used by adults to all infants, not just those they have an attachment with, which suggests what?

Answer 66

‘Caregiverese’ has seen to be used by adults to all infants, not just those they have an attachment with, which suggests that although its usage aids communication between:
1. Adults
2. Infants
,it cannot be claimed to specifically help form attachments

Question 67

The fact that interactional synchrony is not found where weakens support for the idea that it is necessary for attachment formation?

Answer 67

The fact that interactional synchrony is not found in all cultures weakens support for the idea that it is necessary for attachment formation