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Psychology > 3.4: Theories of romantic relationships - Rusbult's investment model > Flashcards

3.4: Theories of romantic relationships - Rusbult's investment model Flashcards

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1
Q

Perhaps there is more to romantic relationships than just the balance of rewards and costs.
Perhaps we’re not even that bothered about whether the relationship is fair.

What does the investment model emphasise?

A

The investment model emphasises the central importance of commitment in relationships

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2
Q

Perhaps there is more to romantic relationships than just the balance of rewards and costs.
Perhaps we’re not even that bothered about whether the relationship is fair.

The investment model emphasises the central importance of commitment in relationships.
Caryl Rusbult devised the investment model to address what?

A

Caryl Rusbult devised the investment model to address the limitations of social exchange theory (SET)

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3
Q

According to Rusbult et al. (2011), what?

A

According to Rusbult et al. (2011), commitment depends on three factors:

  1. Investment size
  2. Satisfaction level
  3. Comparison with alternatives
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4
Q

According to Rusbult et al. (2011), commitment depends on three factors: Investment size, satisfaction level and comparison with alternatives.
Because the investment model is a development of social exchange theory (SET), what?

A

Because the investment model is a development of social exchange theory (SET), two of these factors, satisfaction and comparison with alternatives, are very similar to elements of SET

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5
Q

Commitment

A

Commitment is a romantic partner’s intention or desire to continue a relationship, reflecting a belief that the relationship has a viable long-term future

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6
Q

Satisfaction

A

Satisfaction is the extent to which romantic partners feel the rewards of the relationship exceed the costs

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7
Q

Comparison with alternatives

A

Comparison with alternatives is a judgement that partners make concerning whether a relationship with a different partner would bring more rewards and fewer costs

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8
Q

Investment

A

Investment is the resources associated with a romantic relationship which the partners would lose if the relationship were to end

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9
Q

Which concept is satisfaction based on?

A

Satisfaction is based on the concept of the comparison level (CL)

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10
Q

Satisfaction is based on the concept of the comparison level (CL).
How is a satisfying relationship judged?

A

A satisfying relationship is judged by comparing rewards and costs

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11
Q

Satisfaction is based on the concept of the comparison level (CL).
A satisfying relationship is judged by comparing rewards and costs and is seen to be profitable if what?

A

A satisfying relationship is judged by comparing rewards and costs and is seen to be profitable if is has many rewards (for example support, sex, companionship) and few costs (for example conflicts, anxiety)

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12
Q

Satisfaction is based on the concept of the comparison level (CL).
A satisfying relationship is judged by comparing rewards and costs and is seen to be profitable if is has many rewards (for example support, sex, companionship) and few costs (for example conflicts, anxiety).
When is each partner generally satisfied?

A

Each partner is generally satisfied if they are getting more out of the relationship than they expect based on previous experience and social norms

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13
Q

Satisfaction is based on the concept of the comparison level (CL).
A satisfying relationship is judged by comparing rewards and costs and is seen to be profitable if is has many rewards (for example support, sex, companionship) and few costs (for example conflicts, anxiety).
Each partner is generally satisfied if they are getting more out of the relationship than they expect based on previous experience and social norms.
As we know from social exchange theory, a comparison with alternatives (CLalt) results in romantic partners doing what?

A

As we know from social exchange theory, a comparison with alternatives (CLalt) results in romantic partners asking themselves, ‘Could my needs be better met outside my current relationship? Are the alternatives more rewarding and less costly?’

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14
Q

Satisfaction is based on the concept of the comparison level (CL).
A satisfying relationship is judged by comparing rewards and costs and is seen to be profitable if is has many rewards (for example support, sex, companionship) and few costs (for example conflicts, anxiety).
Each partner is generally satisfied if they are getting more out of the relationship than they expect based on previous experience and social norms.
As we know from social exchange theory, a comparison with alternatives (CLalt) results in romantic partners asking themselves, ‘Could my needs be better met outside my current relationship? Are the alternatives more rewarding and less costly?’
What do alternatives include?

A

Alternatives include not just relationships with other people, but the possibility of having no romantic relationship at all

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15
Q

Rusbult realised that the CL and CLalt derived from SET are what?

A

Rusbult realised that the CL and CLalt derived from SET are not enough to explain commitment

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16
Q

Rusbult realised that the CL and CLalt derived from SET are not enough to explain commitment.
If they were, then what?

A

If they were, then many more relationships would end as soon as either the costs outweighed the rewards (representing a loss) or more attractive alternatives presented themselves

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17
Q

Rusbult realised that the CL and CLalt derived from SET are not enough to explain commitment.
If they were, then many more relationships would end as soon as either the costs outweighed the rewards (representing a loss) or more attractive alternatives presented themselves.
Therefore, what?

A

Therefore, she introduced a crucial third factor influencing commitment - investment

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18
Q

Rusbult realised that the CL and CLalt derived from SET are not enough to explain commitment.
If they were, then many more relationships would end as soon as either the costs outweighed the rewards (representing a loss) or more attractive alternatives presented themselves.
Therefore, she introduced a crucial third factor influencing commitment - investment.
‘Investment’ refers to the extent and importance of what?

A

‘Investment’ refers to the extent and importance of the resources associated with the relationship

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19
Q

Rusbult realised that the CL and CLalt derived from SET are not enough to explain commitment.
If they were, then many more relationships would end as soon as either the costs outweighed the rewards (representing a loss) or more attractive alternatives presented themselves.
Therefore, she introduced a crucial third factor influencing commitment - investment.
‘Investment’ refers to the extent and importance of the resources associated with the relationship.
An investment can be understood as anything we would lose if what?

A

An investment can be understood as anything we would lose if the relationship were to end

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20
Q

Rusbult realised that the CL and CLalt derived from SET are not enough to explain commitment.
If they were, then many more relationships would end as soon as either the costs outweighed the rewards (representing a loss) or more attractive alternatives presented themselves.
Therefore, she introduced a crucial third factor influencing commitment - investment.
‘Investment’ refers to the extent and importance of the resources associated with the relationship.
An investment can be understood as anything we would lose if the relationship were to end.
What does Rusbult argue?

A

Rusbult argues that there are two major types of investment:

  1. Intrinsic investments
  2. Extrinsic investments
21
Q

Rusbult realised that the CL and CLalt derived from SET are not enough to explain commitment.
If they were, then many more relationships would end as soon as either the costs outweighed the rewards (representing a loss) or more attractive alternatives presented themselves.
Therefore, she introduced a crucial third factor influencing commitment - investment.
‘Investment’ refers to the extent and importance of the resources associated with the relationship.
An investment can be understood as anything we would lose if the relationship were to end.
Rusbult argues that there are two major types of investment: Intrinsic investments and extrinsic investments.
1. Instrinsic investments:
What are intrinsic investments?

A

Instrinsic investments are any resources we put directly into the relationship

22
Q

Rusbult realised that the CL and CLalt derived from SET are not enough to explain commitment.
If they were, then many more relationships would end as soon as either the costs outweighed the rewards (representing a loss) or more attractive alternatives presented themselves.
Therefore, she introduced a crucial third factor influencing commitment - investment.
‘Investment’ refers to the extent and importance of the resources associated with the relationship.
An investment can be understood as anything we would lose if the relationship were to end.
Rusbult argues that there are two major types of investment: Intrinsic investments and extrinsic investments.
1. Instrinsic investments:
Instrinsic investments are any resources we put directly into the relationship.
They can be what things such as money and possessions?

A

They can be tangible things such as money and possessions

23
Q

Rusbult realised that the CL and CLalt derived from SET are not enough to explain commitment.
If they were, then many more relationships would end as soon as either the costs outweighed the rewards (representing a loss) or more attractive alternatives presented themselves.
Therefore, she introduced a crucial third factor influencing commitment - investment.
‘Investment’ refers to the extent and importance of the resources associated with the relationship.
An investment can be understood as anything we would lose if the relationship were to end.
Rusbult argues that there are two major types of investment: Intrinsic investments and extrinsic investments.
1. Instrinsic investments:
Instrinsic investments are any resources we put directly into the relationship.
They can be tangible things such as money and possessions.
What can they also be?

A

They can also be resources less easy to quantify (intangibles)

24
Q

Rusbult realised that the CL and CLalt derived from SET are not enough to explain commitment.
If they were, then many more relationships would end as soon as either the costs outweighed the rewards (representing a loss) or more attractive alternatives presented themselves.
Therefore, she introduced a crucial third factor influencing commitment - investment.
‘Investment’ refers to the extent and importance of the resources associated with the relationship.
An investment can be understood as anything we would lose if the relationship were to end.
Rusbult argues that there are two major types of investment: Intrinsic investments and extrinsic investments.
1. Instrinsic investments:
Instrinsic investments are any resources we put directly into the relationship.
They can be tangible things such as money and possessions.
They can also be resources less easy to quantify (intangibles), such as what?

A

They can also be resources less easy to quantify (intangibles), such as energy, emotion and self-disclosures

25
Q

Rusbult realised that the CL and CLalt derived from SET are not enough to explain commitment.
If they were, then many more relationships would end as soon as either the costs outweighed the rewards (representing a loss) or more attractive alternatives presented themselves.
Therefore, she introduced a crucial third factor influencing commitment - investment.
‘Investment’ refers to the extent and importance of the resources associated with the relationship.
An investment can be understood as anything we would lose if the relationship were to end.
Rusbult argues that there are two major types of investment: Intrinsic investments and extrinsic investments.
2. Extrinsic investments:
What are extrinsic investments?

A

Extrinsic investments are resources that previously did not feature in the relationship, but are now closely associated with it

26
Q

Rusbult realised that the CL and CLalt derived from SET are not enough to explain commitment.
If they were, then many more relationships would end as soon as either the costs outweighed the rewards (representing a loss) or more attractive alternatives presented themselves.
Therefore, she introduced a crucial third factor influencing commitment - investment.
‘Investment’ refers to the extent and importance of the resources associated with the relationship.
An investment can be understood as anything we would lose if the relationship were to end.
Rusbult argues that there are two major types of investment: Intrinsic investments and extrinsic investments.
2. Extrinsic investments:
Extrinsic investments are resources that previously did not feature in the relationship, but are now closely associated with it.
What do tangibles include?

A

Tangibles include possessions bought together (for example a car), mutual friends acquired since the relationship began and children

27
Q

Rusbult realised that the CL and CLalt derived from SET are not enough to explain commitment.
If they were, then many more relationships would end as soon as either the costs outweighed the rewards (representing a loss) or more attractive alternatives presented themselves.
Therefore, she introduced a crucial third factor influencing commitment - investment.
‘Investment’ refers to the extent and importance of the resources associated with the relationship.
An investment can be understood as anything we would lose if the relationship were to end.
Rusbult argues that there are two major types of investment: Intrinsic investments and extrinsic investments.
2. Extrinsic investments:
Extrinsic investments are resources that previously did not feature in the relationship, but are now closely associated with it.
Tangibles include possessions bought together (for example a car), mutual friends acquired since the relationship began and children.
What is a good example of an intangible?

A

A good example of an intangible is shared memories

28
Q

Rusbult realised that the CL and CLalt derived from SET are not enough to explain commitment.
If they were, then many more relationships would end as soon as either the costs outweighed the rewards (representing a loss) or more attractive alternatives presented themselves.
Therefore, she introduced a crucial third factor influencing commitment - investment.
‘Investment’ refers to the extent and importance of the resources associated with the relationship.
An investment can be understood as anything we would lose if the relationship were to end.
Rusbult argues that there are two major types of investment: Intrinsic investments and extrinsic investments.

If the partners in a relationship experience high levels of satisfaction (because they are getting many rewards with few costs) and what?

A

If the partners in a relationship experience high levels of satisfaction (because they are getting many rewards with few costs) and the alternatives are less attractive and the sizes of their investment are increasing

29
Q

Rusbult realised that the CL and CLalt derived from SET are not enough to explain commitment.
If they were, then many more relationships would end as soon as either the costs outweighed the rewards (representing a loss) or more attractive alternatives presented themselves.
Therefore, she introduced a crucial third factor influencing commitment - investment.
‘Investment’ refers to the extent and importance of the resources associated with the relationship.
An investment can be understood as anything we would lose if the relationship were to end.
Rusbult argues that there are two major types of investment: Intrinsic investments and extrinsic investments.

If the partners in a relationship experience high levels of satisfaction (because they are getting many rewards with few costs) and the alternatives are less attractive and the sizes of their investment are increasing, then what?

A

If the partners in a relationship experience high levels of satisfaction (because they are getting many rewards with few costs) and the alternatives are less attractive and the sizes of their investment are increasing, then we can confidently predict that partners will be committed to the relationship

30
Q

What do Rusbult et al. (2011) argue that is the main psychological factor that causes people to stay in romantic relationships?

A

Rusbult et al. (2011) argue that the main psychological factor that causes people to stay in romantic relationships is not satisfaction, but commitment

31
Q

Rusbult et al. (2011) argue that the main psychological factor that causes people to stay in romantic relationships is not satisfaction, but commitment.
Why is this an important distinction?

A

This is an important distinction, because it can help to explain why dissatisfied partners may choose to stay in a relationship - it’s because they are committed to their partner

32
Q

Rusbult et al. (2011) argue that the main psychological factor that causes people to stay in romantic relationships is not satisfaction, but commitment.
This is an important distinction, because it can help to explain why dissatisfied partners may choose to stay in a relationship - it’s because they are committed to their partner, but why are they so committed?
This is because they have done what?

A

This is because they have made an investment that they do not want to see go to waste

33
Q

Rusbult et al. (2011) argue that the main psychological factor that causes people to stay in romantic relationships is not satisfaction, but commitment.
This is an important distinction, because it can help to explain why dissatisfied partners may choose to stay in a relationship - it’s because they are committed to their partner, but why are they so committed?
This is because they have made an investment that they do not want to see go to waste.
Therefore, what?

A

Therefore, they will work hard to maintain and repair a damaged relationship, especially when it hits a rough patch

34
Q

How does commitment express itself?

A

Commitment expresses itself in everyday maintenance behaviours

35
Q

Commitment expresses itself in everyday maintenance behaviours.
According to Rusbult’s investment model, what?

A

According to Rusbult’s investment model, enduring partners do not engage in tit-for-tat retaliation, but instead act to promote the relationship (accommodation)

36
Q

Commitment expresses itself in everyday maintenance behaviours.
According to Rusbult’s investment model, enduring partners do not engage in tit-for-tat retaliation, but instead act to promote the relationship (accommodation).
What will they also do?

A

They will also put their partner’s interests first (willingness to sacrifice) and forgive them for any serious transgressions (forgiveness)

37
Q

Commitment expresses itself in everyday maintenance behaviours.
According to Rusbult’s investment model, enduring partners do not engage in tit-for-tat retaliation, but instead act to promote the relationship (accommodation).
They will also put their partner’s interests first (willingness to sacrifice) and forgive them for any serious transgressions (forgiveness).
There is also a what element to relationship maintenance and repair?

A

There is also a cognitive element to relationship maintenance and repair

38
Q

Commitment expresses itself in everyday maintenance behaviours.
According to Rusbult’s investment model, enduring partners do not engage in tit-for-tat retaliation, but instead act to promote the relationship (accommodation).
They will also put their partner’s interests first (willingness to sacrifice) and forgive them for any serious transgressions (forgiveness).
There is also a cognitive element to relationship maintenance and repair.
Committed partners think

A

Committed partners think about each other and potential alternatives in specific (and predictable) ways

39
Q

Commitment expresses itself in everyday maintenance behaviours.
According to Rusbult’s investment model, enduring partners do not engage in tit-for-tat retaliation, but instead act to promote the relationship (accommodation).
They will also put their partner’s interests first (willingness to sacrifice) and forgive them for any serious transgressions (forgiveness).
There is also a cognitive element to relationship maintenance and repair.
Committed partners think about each other and potential alternatives in specific (and predictable) ways.
They are unrealistically

A

They are unrealistically positive about their partner (positive illusions) and negative about tempting alternatives and other people’s relationships (ridiculing alternatives)

40
Q

Commitment expresses itself in everyday maintenance behaviours.
According to Rusbult’s investment model, enduring partners do not engage in tit-for-tat retaliation, but instead act to promote the relationship (accommodation).
They will also put their partner’s interests first (willingness to sacrifice) and forgive them for any serious transgressions (forgiveness).
There is also a cognitive element to relationship maintenance and repair.
Committed partners think about each other and potential alternatives in specific (and predictable) ways.
They are unrealistically positive about their partner (positive illusions) and negative about tempting alternatives and other people’s relationships (ridiculing alternatives), much more so than who?

A

They are unrealistically positive about their partner (positive illusions) and negative about tempting alternatives and other people’s relationships (ridiculing alternatives), much more so than less committed partners

41
Q

Satisfaction level, comparison with alternatives and investment size –> Commitment level –> Relationship maintenance mechanisms.
What are the relationship maintenance mechanisms?

A

The relationship maintenance mechanisms are:

  1. Accommodation
  2. Willingness to sacrifice
  3. Forgiveness
  4. Positive illusions
  5. Ridiculing alternatives
42
Q 
Comparison level (CL) and comparison with alternatives (CLalt) are not enough.
What does it include?
A

It includes intrinsic investments in the relationship such as money and possessions

43
Q 
Comparison level (CL) and comparison with alternatives (CLalt) are not enough.
It includes intrinsic investments in the relationship such as money and possessions.
What do intangible memories such as shared memories lead to?
A

Intangible memories such as shared memories lead to self-disclosure

44
Q

Rusbult’s (1983) investment model of relationships suggests that the maintenance of a relationship is determined by

A

Rusbult’s (1983) investment model of relationships suggests that the maintenance of a relationship is determined by commitment

45
Q

Rusbult’s (1983) investment model of relationships suggests that the maintenance of a relationship is determined by commitment.
In this context, what does commitment refer to?

A

In this context, commitment refers to the likelihood that the relationship will persist

46
Q

Rusbult’s (1983) investment model of relationships suggests that the maintenance of a relationship is determined by commitment.
In this context, commitment refers to the likelihood that the relationship will persist.
What is commitment strengthened by?

A

Commitment is strengthened by:

  1. Satisfaction
  2. Investment
47
Q

Rusbult’s (1983) investment model of relationships suggests that the maintenance of a relationship is determined by commitment.
In this context, commitment refers to the likelihood that the relationship will persist.
Commitment is strengthened by satisfaction and investment.
What is commitment weakened by?

A

Commitment is weakened by the presence of alternatives to the relationship

48
Q

Just like social exchange theory (SET) and equity theory, Rusbult’s investment model of relationships is a what theory?

A

Just like social exchange theory (SET) and equity theory, Rusbult’s investment model of relationships is an economic theory

49
Q

The maintenance mechanisms are accommodating the other’s idiosyncrasies or accommodation in general, willingness to sacrifice, having a positive illusion and ridiculing alternatives.
What is not an example of this?

A

Living quite independent lives and not doing the maintenance strategies

Psychology (141 decks)

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