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Biology AS Rafa > 4.3 Classification And Evolution > Flashcards

4.3 Classification And Evolution Flashcards

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1
Q

Define binomial system

A

A system that uses the genus name and the species name to avoid confusion when naming organisms

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2
Q

Define classification

A

The process of placing living things into groups

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3
Q

Why do we classify organisms?

A
  • For our convenience
  • To make studying them more manageable
  • To make it easier to identify organisms
  • To help us see he relationships between species
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4
Q

Order of taxonomic levels

A 
Domain
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
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5
Q

What are the three domains?

A

Archaea
Eubacteria
Eukaryotae

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6
Q

What are the five main kingdoms?

A 
Plante
Animalia
Fungi
Protoctista 
Prokaryotae
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7
Q

What is phylum?

A

Same BODY PLAN, e.g. backbone (vertebrates and invertebrates)

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8
Q

What is class?

A

Same general traits, e.g. number of legs

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9
Q

What is order?

A 
Subdivision of class with additional information 
(e.g. carnivora + herbivora)
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10
Q

What is family?

A

A group of closely related genera

e.g. dogs and cats

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11
Q

What is genus?

A

A group of closely related species

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12
Q

What are Chordata?

A
  • A phylum, nervous system with central bundle of nerves in back protected by vertebral column
  • Vertebrates
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13
Q

What are anthropoda?

A
  • Hard exoskeleton

- Invertebrates

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14
Q

Human taxonomic levels

A 
Eukaryotae
Animalia
Chordata
Mammalia 
Primate
Hominidae
Homo
Sapiens
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15
Q

Why doesn’t using a common name work well?

A
  • Different common name in different parts of country
  • Different common names in different countries
  • Translation gives different names
  • Same name different species
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16
Q

What is the phylogenetic definition of a species

A

A group of individual organisms that are very similar in appearance, anatomy, physiology, biochemistry and genetics

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17
Q

Name a single celled organism that has chloroplasts

A

Euglena

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18
Q

Features of prokaryotae

A 
No nucleus
Loop of naked DNA 
No membrane bound organelles
Small ribosomes
Small cells
Free living or parasitic
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19
Q

Features of protoctista

A 
All eukaryotic 
Mostly single celled
Plant or animal like features
Mostly free living
Autotrophic or heterotrophic nutrition
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20
Q

Features of fungi

A

Eukaryotic
Can be single cells (yeast) / mycelium or hyphae
Chitin walls
Multinucleate cytoplasm
Saprophytic (decay of organic matter) and free living

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21
Q

Features of plantae

A 
Eukaryotic 
Multicellular
Autotrophic 
Cellulose cell wall
Chlorophyll
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22
Q

Features of animalia

A

Able to move around
Heterotrophic
Multicellular
Eukaryotic

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23
Q

Bacteria and archae difference

A

Different cell membrane structure
Different flagella
Different RNA enzymes
Diffferent mechanisms for DNA replication

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24
Q

Similarities between archae and eukaryotes

A

Similar enzymes for making RNA

Similar mechanisms for DNA replication

25
Q

Anatomical adaptations of marram

A 
Curled leaves
Folded lower epidermis (create pits)
Hairy lower epidermis (reduces air movement)
Long roots (water deep underground)
Low density of stomata (stabilise also)
Spread roots 
Waxy cuticle
26
Q

Physiological adaptations of marram

A

Roll leaves
Guard cells
Low water potential for salty conditions
Lignin - keep upright when water is not available

27
Q

What is convergent evolution

A

Where two species evolve to look very similar due to similar lifestyles

28
Q

Define adaptation

A

A characteristic that enhances survival in the habitat

29
Q

Define anatomy

A

Structural features

30
Q

Define behavioural adaptations

A

The ways behaviour is modified for survival

31
Q

Define physiological adaptations

A

Affect the way that processes work

32
Q

Define standard deviation

A

Measure of spread around a mean

33
Q

What does a value of 1 mean for correlation coefficient

A

Perfect correlation

34
Q

Define genetic variation

A

Variation caused by possessing a different combination of alleles

35
Q

What is a mnemonic for the order of classification

A 
Dumb
Kids
Playing 
Catch
On
Freeway
Get 
Squashed
36
Q

Difference between bacteria and archaea?

A
  • cell membrane
  • flagella
  • RNA synth. enz.
  • naked DNA (archaea have proteins associated with DNA)
  • DNA replication mechanisms
37
Q

Evidence that has lead to new classification systems, such as the three domains of life

A
  • similarities in biological molecules

- genetic evidence

38
Q

What is important to remember when writing out the binomial name of a species?

A

Underlining it

39
Q

Define species

A

a group of organisms that can freely interbreed to produce fertile offspring

40
Q

Problems in using observable characteristics in classification

A

convergent evolution makes organisms look similar

41
Q

What is cytochrome c used for and what is it?

A
  • protein

- used in respiration

42
Q

How can cytochrome c be used in classification?

A
  • different amino acid sequences

- more differences = less closely related species

43
Q

What is monophyletic?

A

species described belong to the same phylogenetic group (same phylum)

44
Q

Why is it difficult to define bacteria as a species?

A

Species = fertile offspring + genetic similarity

  • divide by binary fission
  • plasmids vary widely in DNA content and can be considered part of bacterial genome
45
Q

Define natural selection

A

The term used to explain how features of the environment apply a selective force on the reproduction of individuals in a population

46
Q

What four observations did Darwin make?

A
  • offspring generally appear similar to their parents
  • no two individuals are identical
  • organisms have the ability to produce large numbers of offspring
  • populations in nature tend to remain stable in size
47
Q

What did Darwin conclude?

A
  • there is a struggle to survive
  • better adapted pass on characteristics
  • changes make new species over time
48
Q

Evidence for evolution

A
  • fossils

- biological molecules (DNA and cytochrome c)

49
Q

Steps of natural selection

A
  • mutations = different versions of gene (alleles)
  • intraspecific variation
  • selective pressure favours advantageous characteristics
  • survive and reproduce
  • pass on characteristics
  • next generation = higher proportion of those successful characteristics
50
Q

What is continuous variation?

A

variation where there are two extremes and a full range of values between

51
Q

What is discontinuous variation?

A

where there are distinct characteristics with nothing in between

52
Q

What is environmental variation?

A

variation caused by response to environmental factors such as light intensity

53
Q

What is genetic variation?

A

Variation caused by possessing a different combination of alleles

54
Q

Examples of continuous variation

A

height
length of leaves on oak tree
length of stalk (reproductive hyphae)of a toadstool
number of flagella on bacterium

55
Q

What is discontinuous variation regulated by?

A
  • single gene

- not affected by environment

56
Q

Examples of discontinuous variation

A

gender
some bacteria have flagella and others do not
human blood groups

57
Q

Behavioural adaptation of marram

A
  • rolling leaf more tightly
  • closing stomata
  • when covered in sand, will grow more quickly
58
Q

What characteristics do marsupial moles and placental moles share?

A
  • cylindrical body
  • small eyes
  • strong front legs
  • large claws on front legs
  • short fur
  • short tail
  • nose with tough skin for protection

Biology AS Rafa (13 decks)

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