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Biology AS Rafa > 4.2 Biodiversity > Flashcards

4.2 Biodiversity Flashcards

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1
Q

Define biodiversity

A

A measure of the variation found in the living world

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2
Q

Define habitat

A

Where an organism lives

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3
Q

Define species

A

A group or organisms that can freely interbreed to produced fertile offspring

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4
Q

Advantages and disadvantages of random sampling

A

Not biased

Not all areas covered equally

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5
Q

What is opportunistic sampling?

A

Desicions made of prior knowledge
Easy and quick
Biased

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6
Q

What is stratified sampling?

A

Dividing and sampling different areas
Species not underrepresented
Over representation

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7
Q

What is systematic sampling?

A

Fixed intervals across habitat
Good for clear gradient
Some might be missed (only species on the line are measured)

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8
Q

What is used to measure percentage cover?

A

Point frame

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9
Q

What is used to collect animals from a net?

A

Pooter

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10
Q

What can you use to catch small animals?

A

A pitfall trap, bucket in hole in soil with water in bottom

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11
Q

What do you use to collect small animals from leaf litter?

A

A tullgren funnel, light shines on funnel and this causes leaves to dry and warm
animals drive down through funnel into a collecting jar

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12
Q

What is a longworth trap?

A

For small animals, small metal box with food inside

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13
Q

Formula for total population?

A

(C1 x C2)/C3
C1= number captured on first catch
C2= number captured on second time
C3 = number of animals caught on second occasion that were ALSO caught on the first one and marked

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14
Q

Define allele

A

Version of a gene

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15
Q

Define locus

A

Position of that gene on a chromosome

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16
Q

Define polymorphic gene locus

A

A locus that has more than two alleles

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17
Q

Define Simpsons index of biodiversity

A

Measure of the diversity of a habitat

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18
Q

What is species evenness

A

A measure of how evenly represented the species are

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19
Q

What is species richness

A

A measure of how many different species are present

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20
Q

What does a high value of Simpsons diversity index indicate?

A

Diverse habitat

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21
Q

Define climate change

A

Significant long lasting changes in weather patterns

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22
Q

Define monoculture

A

A crop consisting of one strain of one species

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23
Q

Define keystone species

A

One that has a disproportionate effect upon its environment relative to its abundance

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24
Q

Define soil depletion

A

Loss of soil fertility caused my removal of materials by continuous cropping

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25
Q

Economic reasons to maintain biodiversity

A 
Crop pollination
Medicine
Purify fresh water
Regulate atmosphere
Reducing soil depletion
Recycling nutrients
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26
Q

Define conservation in situ

A

Carrying out active management to maintain the biodiversity in the natural environment

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27
Q

What does CITES stand for

A

Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species

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28
Q

Characteristics on continuous variation

A

Within a range
Not in categories
Genes and environment
Has to be measured

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29
Q

Two causes of variation

A

Environmental change

Gene mutation

30
Q

Aims of CITES

A
  • Regulate trade of selected species
  • Trade does not put wild populations at risk
  • No commercial trade in wild plants
  • Only artificially propagated plants can be traded
  • Allowing trade in less endangered species
31
Q

Rio Convention on Biological Diversity aims

A
  • Share genetic resources
  • Share access to scientific knowledge
  • Promoting ex with conservation methods
  • Raising profile of biodiversity with public bodies
  • International cooperation
32
Q

Criteria of EIA

A

Size
Environmental sensitivity
Potential damage
Strategy to minimise damage

33
Q

What is EIA

A

Environmental impact assessment

34
Q

Why are plants stored as seeds?

A
  • Collected with minimal damage
  • Take little space
  • Greater diversity
  • Maintenance costs
  • Cheaper transport
  • Viable for long periods
  • Less susceptible to disease
35
Q

Explain mark and recapture method

A 
Capture sample and mark C1
Release and leave another trap
C2 = newly trapped
C3 = trapped twice
Use (1x2)/3
36
Q

What is genetic erosion?

A

Selecting specific breeds
Loss of variety
Reduces genetic diversity

37
Q

What are the principles of choosing a wildlife reserve ?

A
  • Comprehensiveness (how many species and conditions)
  • Adequacy (is it large enough)
  • Representativeness ( is there a full range of diversity?)
38
Q

How have conservation zones caused conflict?

A

Protected animals coming out of reserve to raid crops
People continue to hunt
Illegal plant harvesting
Tourists feeding and leaving litter

39
Q

Advantages of in situ

A

Natural environments
Scientific research
Restoring ecological integrity
Management

40
Q

Disadvantages of in situ

A

Area may not be large enough to ensure survival
May have already lost diversity
Bad conditions may still be present
Can attract poachers or tourists

41
Q

Disadvantages of ex situ

A 
Limited emetic diversity
Outside habitat
Diseases 
Not behave as normal
Expensive
Reintroduction
42
Q

Problems with seed banks

A

People not willing to sponsor
Collecting seeds causes disturbance
May not represent level of diversity
Length of time may not be viable

43
Q

Aims of Countryside Stewardship scheme

A
  • Improve beauty and diversity of countryside
  • Enhance habitats
  • Improve opportunities for public access
44
Q

What is the environmental stewardship scheme?

A

Funding to farmers effective management of land
Looking after habitats
Protecting historic features
Ensuring traditional livestock and crops conserved
People to visit

45
Q

Measurement of genetic diversity

A

Calculating the percentage of loci in the population that have more than one allele

46
Q

Three types of biodiversity

A
  • habitat biodiversity
  • species biodiversity
  • genetic biodiversity
47
Q

Examples of habitat biodiversity

A
  • sand dunes
  • woodland
  • meadows
  • streams
48
Q

Examples of species biodiversity

A

species richness and species eveness

49
Q

Examples of genetic biodiversity

A

Different breeds within a species

50
Q

Three types of non-random sampling

A

opportunistic
stratified
systematic

51
Q

What does ACFOR stand for?

A 
Abundant
Common
Frequent
Occasional 
Rare
52
Q

What is a pooter?

A

Jar with two straws
One goes in your mouth
SUCK IT UP

53
Q

How do you get insects from a tree?

A

Put a sheet under tree and beat it

54
Q

What does Simpsons index of diversity take into account?

A

Both species richness and species eveness

55
Q

What is n in Simpsons index of biodiversity?

A

number of individuals of a particular species/ percentage cover

56
Q

What is N in Simpsons index of biodiversity?

A

total number of individuals of all species/ total percentage cover

57
Q

When is there more genetic diversity?

A

When there is more than one allele for a particular locus

58
Q

Equation for calculating genetic diversity

A

(loci with more than one allele/ total loci) x 100

59
Q

What affects biodiversity?

A
  • human population growth
  • agriculture (monoculture)
  • climate change
60
Q

Ecological reasons for biodiversity

A
  • protecting keystone species and interdependence of organisms
  • maintaining genetic resource (solutions to climate change and some medicines)
61
Q

Reasons overall for biodiversity

A

ecological
economic
aesthetic

62
Q

How do monocultures reduce biodiversity?

A
  • only one crop
  • no variation
  • use of pesticides and fertilisers = insect/animal free environment
63
Q

Examples of in situ conservation

A

marine conservation zones and wildlife reserves

64
Q

Examples of ex situ conservation

A

seed banks
botanic gardens
zoos

65
Q

Define marine conservation zones

A

areas of the sea set aside to conserve the diversity of species and habitats

66
Q

Define wildlife reserves

A

areas set aside for the conservation of species or habitats

67
Q

Ways of conserving in situ

A
  • LEGISLATION (making certain activities illegal, hunting poaching, logging)
  • WILDLIFE RESERVES
68
Q

How do zoos help biodiversity?

A
  • captive breeding
  • freezing sperm, eggs and embryos
  • artificial insemination
  • IVF
  • embryo transfer
69
Q

Disadvantages of zoos

A
  • exposure to diseases
  • out of natural habitat (abnormal behaviour)
  • limited genetic diversity
  • reproduction = difficult
  • reintroduction
  • expensive to maintain
70
Q

Explain how seeds are stored in seed banks

A
  • very dry/ freezing temperatures
  • tested at regular intervals for viability
  • more than one of each kind are stored
71
Q

Define species evenness (exam question)

A

the relative abundance of each species in an area

Biology AS Rafa (13 decks)

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