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Biology AS Rafa > 3.3 Transport In Plants > Flashcards

3.3 Transport In Plants Flashcards

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1
Q

What are dicotyledonous plants?

A

Plants with two seed leaves and a branching pattern of veins in the leaf

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2
Q

Define meristem

A

A layer of dividing cells

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3
Q

Define phloem

A

Transports dissolves assimilates

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4
Q

Define vascular tissue

A

Consists of cells specialised for transporting fluid by mass flow

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5
Q

Define xylem

A

Transports water and minerals

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6
Q

What’s tissues give vascular bundles strength?

A

Collenchyma and sclerenchyma

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7
Q

How are vascular bundles arranged in young root?

A

Xylem in x shape and phloem between arms

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8
Q

What is around the vascular bundle in you root?

A

Endodermis

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9
Q

What is in the inside layer of the endodermis?

A

Meristem cells that form the pericycle

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10
Q

How are vascular bundles arranged in non woody plants?

A

They are desperate and discrete

Near the outer edge

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11
Q

How are vascular bundles arranged in woody plants?

A

Seperatley in young stems

Continuous ring in older stems just under bark of tree

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12
Q

What is in between the xylem and the phloem?

A

Cambium

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13
Q

What is the cambium?

A

A layer of meristem cells that divide to produce new xylem and phloem

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14
Q

How are xylem and phloem arranged in the leaf?

A

Within each vein, the xylem is on top of the phloem

Spread away from midrib

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15
Q

What are companion cells

A

Cells that help to load sucrose into the sieve tubes

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16
Q

What are sieve tube elements?

A

Make up the tubes in phloem tissue that carry sap up and down the plant
Sieve tube elements are seperatley by sieve plants.

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17
Q

What are xylem vessels

A

The tubes which carry water up the plant

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18
Q

What does xylem tissue consist of?

A

Vessels
Fibres for support
Living parenchyma cells which act as packing tissue to separate and support the vessels.

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19
Q

How do xylem vessels develop?

A

Lignin makes cell walls waterproof
Cells die
Liginfication

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20
Q

What patterns am does lignin form in the cell wall and what do they do?

A

Spiral
Annular (rings)
Reticulate (network of broken rings)
Prevent it from being too rigid

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21
Q

What happens in areas where liginification is not complete?

A

Form bordered pits allow water to leave one vessel and enter the next
Leave xylem and pass into living parts of the plant

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22
Q

How is xylem adapted?

A

Continuous column
Narrow tubes, water column does not breadth easily and capillary action is effective
Bordered pits
Patterns allow stretch and bend

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23
Q

Why is the flow of water not impeded in xylem?

A

No cross walls
No cell contents
Lignin no collapse

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24
Q

Adaptations of companion cells?

A

Numerous mitochondria to produce ATP for active processes

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25
Q

What are plasmodesmata?

A

Gaps in cell wall containing cytoplasm thag connects two cells

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26
Q

What are the three possible pathways that water takes through a plant?

A

Apoplast
Symplast
Vacuolar

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27
Q

What is the apoplast pathway?

A

Through spaces in cell walls and between cells
Moves by mass flow
Mineral ions and salts can be carried

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28
Q

What is symplast pathway?

A

Enters cytoplasm through plasma membrane

Plasmodesmata

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29
Q

What is the vacuole pathway?

A

Can go in vacuoles too

30
Q

What is water potential?

A

The measure of tendency of water to move from one place to another

31
Q

Define potometer

A

A device that can measure the rate of water uptake as a leafy stem transpires

32
Q

What is transpiration

A

The loss of water vapour from the aerial parts of a plant, mostly through the stomata in the leaves

33
Q

Step one of water leaving the leaf

A

enters leaf through xylem
Moves by osmosis into cells of spongy mesophyll
May go down apoplast

34
Q

Step 2 of water leaving the leaf

A

Evaporates from cell walls of spongy mesophyll

35
Q

Step 3 of water leaving leaf

A

Water vapour moves by diffusion out through stomata
Uses difference in concentration of molecules in leaf and outside
Water vapour potential gradient

36
Q

Why is transpiration important?

A

Transports useful mineral ions up the plant
Maintains cell turgidity
Supplies water for growth, elongation and photosynthesis
Supplies water that evaporates and keeps plant cool

37
Q

What factors affect transpiration rate?

A 
Light intensity
Temperature
Relative humidity
Air movement
Water availability
38
Q

How does light intensity affect transpiration

A

Stomata open to allow gaseous exchange for photosynthesis

Increases transpiration

39
Q

How does temperature affect transpiration?

A

Increase rate of evaporation for higher water vapour potential
Increases rate of diffusion through stomata because more KE
decreases relative water vapour potential in the air- more rapid diffusion

40
Q

How does humidity affect transpiration?

A

Decreases rate of water loss

Smaller potential gradient

41
Q

How does air movement affect rate of transpiration

A

Carry away the water vapour

Higher gradient

42
Q

How does water availability affect transpiration rate?

A

If there is insuffieicint water, stomata close and leaves wilt

43
Q

Define adhesion

A

The attraction between water molecules and the walls of the xylem vessel

44
Q

Define cohesion

A

The attraction between water molecules caused by hydrogen bonds

45
Q

Which pathway is blocked by the casparian strip?

A

Apoplast

46
Q

How does water move up the stem?

A

Root pressure
Transpiration pull
Capillary action

47
Q

How does water enter the xylem

A

Mineral ions actively transported
Lower water potential
Osmosis

48
Q

How does transpiration pull work?

A

Water attached by cohesion
Low hydrostatic pressure
High tension

49
Q

What protects against high tension in xylem?

A

Lignin

50
Q

Define hydrophyte

A

A plant adapted to living in water or wet ground

51
Q

Define xerophyte

A

Plant adapted to living in very dry conditions

52
Q

How do plants minimise water loss?

A

Waxy cuticle prevent evaporation
Stomata under
Stomata closed at night
Lose leaves in winter

53
Q

Adaptations of marram grass

A 
Rolled leaf, humid reduces air loss
Thick waxy cuticle
Stomata on inner side
Stomata in pits in lower epidermis with hairs
Low surface area of mesophyll
54
Q

Adaptations of cacti

A

Succulents that store water in stems that can expand
Leaves are spines
Stem is green
Wide roots

55
Q

Other xerophytic features

A

Closing stomata
Low water potential with salt
Tap root

56
Q

Adaptations of water lily

A

Air spaces in leaf for float
Stomata on upper epidermis
Oxygen can quickly diffuse to roots in air spaces

57
Q

How do they transpire in humid conditions?

A

Tips of leaves have hydathodes

Release water droplets

58
Q

Define assimilates

A

Substances which have become a part of the plant

59
Q

Define sink

A

A plant of a plant where materials are removed from the transport system

60
Q

Define source

A

A part of the plant that loads materials into the the transport system

61
Q

What is translocation

A

The transport of assimilates throughout a plant

62
Q

Example of sink

A

Roots

63
Q

Example of source

A

Leaves

64
Q

What are dicotyleoenous plants

A

2 seed leaves

65
Q

What does the endodermis do?

A

help transport water into the xylem

66
Q

Where is the pericycle?

A

just inside the endodermis

67
Q

Describe structure of the stem

A

non-woody = discrete
woody = ring
xylem most central, then phloem with cambium in between them
then sclerenchyma
then collenchyma
parenchyma all between (all other tissue)

68
Q

Describe structure of leaf

A

phloem below xylem within central midrib

69
Q

Three things that xylem contains?

A
  • vessels to transport H2O and minerals
  • fibres to support plant
  • parenchyma
70
Q

Differences between transpiration and translocation

A 
Translocation = active, relies on difference in hydrostatic pressure, 'push' of sugars, altered by poisons
Transpiration = passive, relies on tension, 'pull' of water, affected by wind, air movement etc

Biology AS Rafa (13 decks)

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