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Biology AS Rafa > 3.3 Transport In Plants > Flashcards

3.3 Transport In Plants Flashcards

1
Q

What are dicotyledonous plants?

A

Plants with two seed leaves and a branching pattern of veins in the leaf

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2
Q

Define meristem

A

A layer of dividing cells

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3
Q

Define phloem

A

Transports dissolves assimilates

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4
Q

Define vascular tissue

A

Consists of cells specialised for transporting fluid by mass flow

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5
Q

Define xylem

A

Transports water and minerals

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6
Q

What’s tissues give vascular bundles strength?

A

Collenchyma and sclerenchyma

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7
Q

How are vascular bundles arranged in young root?

A

Xylem in x shape and phloem between arms

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8
Q

What is around the vascular bundle in you root?

A

Endodermis

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9
Q

What is in the inside layer of the endodermis?

A

Meristem cells that form the pericycle

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10
Q

How are vascular bundles arranged in non woody plants?

A

They are desperate and discrete

Near the outer edge

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11
Q

How are vascular bundles arranged in woody plants?

A

Seperatley in young stems

Continuous ring in older stems just under bark of tree

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12
Q

What is in between the xylem and the phloem?

A

Cambium

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13
Q

What is the cambium?

A

A layer of meristem cells that divide to produce new xylem and phloem

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14
Q

How are xylem and phloem arranged in the leaf?

A

Within each vein, the xylem is on top of the phloem

Spread away from midrib

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15
Q

What are companion cells

A

Cells that help to load sucrose into the sieve tubes

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16
Q

What are sieve tube elements?

A

Make up the tubes in phloem tissue that carry sap up and down the plant
Sieve tube elements are seperatley by sieve plants.

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17
Q

What are xylem vessels

A

The tubes which carry water up the plant

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18
Q

What does xylem tissue consist of?

A

Vessels
Fibres for support
Living parenchyma cells which act as packing tissue to separate and support the vessels.

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19
Q

How do xylem vessels develop?

A

Lignin makes cell walls waterproof
Cells die
Liginfication

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20
Q

What patterns am does lignin form in the cell wall and what do they do?

A

Spiral
Annular (rings)
Reticulate (network of broken rings)
Prevent it from being too rigid

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21
Q

What happens in areas where liginification is not complete?

A

Form bordered pits allow water to leave one vessel and enter the next
Leave xylem and pass into living parts of the plant

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22
Q

How is xylem adapted?

A

Continuous column
Narrow tubes, water column does not breadth easily and capillary action is effective
Bordered pits
Patterns allow stretch and bend

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23
Q

Why is the flow of water not impeded in xylem?

A

No cross walls
No cell contents
Lignin no collapse

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24
Q

Adaptations of companion cells?

A

Numerous mitochondria to produce ATP for active processes

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25
What are plasmodesmata?
Gaps in cell wall containing cytoplasm thag connects two cells
26
What are the three possible pathways that water takes through a plant?
Apoplast Symplast Vacuolar
27
What is the apoplast pathway?
Through spaces in cell walls and between cells Moves by mass flow Mineral ions and salts can be carried
28
What is symplast pathway?
Enters cytoplasm through plasma membrane | Plasmodesmata
29
What is the vacuole pathway?
Can go in vacuoles too
30
What is water potential?
The measure of tendency of water to move from one place to another
31
Define potometer
A device that can measure the rate of water uptake as a leafy stem transpires
32
What is transpiration
The loss of water vapour from the aerial parts of a plant, mostly through the stomata in the leaves
33
Step one of water leaving the leaf
enters leaf through xylem Moves by osmosis into cells of spongy mesophyll May go down apoplast
34
Step 2 of water leaving the leaf
Evaporates from cell walls of spongy mesophyll
35
Step 3 of water leaving leaf
Water vapour moves by diffusion out through stomata Uses difference in concentration of molecules in leaf and outside Water vapour potential gradient
36
Why is transpiration important?
Transports useful mineral ions up the plant Maintains cell turgidity Supplies water for growth, elongation and photosynthesis Supplies water that evaporates and keeps plant cool
37
What factors affect transpiration rate?
``` Light intensity Temperature Relative humidity Air movement Water availability ```
38
How does light intensity affect transpiration
Stomata open to allow gaseous exchange for photosynthesis | Increases transpiration
39
How does temperature affect transpiration?
Increase rate of evaporation for higher water vapour potential Increases rate of diffusion through stomata because more KE decreases relative water vapour potential in the air- more rapid diffusion
40
How does humidity affect transpiration?
Decreases rate of water loss | Smaller potential gradient
41
How does air movement affect rate of transpiration
Carry away the water vapour | Higher gradient
42
How does water availability affect transpiration rate?
If there is insuffieicint water, stomata close and leaves wilt
43
Define adhesion
The attraction between water molecules and the walls of the xylem vessel
44
Define cohesion
The attraction between water molecules caused by hydrogen bonds
45
Which pathway is blocked by the casparian strip?
Apoplast
46
How does water move up the stem?
Root pressure Transpiration pull Capillary action
47
How does water enter the xylem
Mineral ions actively transported Lower water potential Osmosis
48
How does transpiration pull work?
Water attached by cohesion Low hydrostatic pressure High tension
49
What protects against high tension in xylem?
Lignin
50
Define hydrophyte
A plant adapted to living in water or wet ground
51
Define xerophyte
Plant adapted to living in very dry conditions
52
How do plants minimise water loss?
Waxy cuticle prevent evaporation Stomata under Stomata closed at night Lose leaves in winter
53
Adaptations of marram grass
``` Rolled leaf, humid reduces air loss Thick waxy cuticle Stomata on inner side Stomata in pits in lower epidermis with hairs Low surface area of mesophyll ```
54
Adaptations of cacti
Succulents that store water in stems that can expand Leaves are spines Stem is green Wide roots
55
Other xerophytic features
Closing stomata Low water potential with salt Tap root
56
Adaptations of water lily
Air spaces in leaf for float Stomata on upper epidermis Oxygen can quickly diffuse to roots in air spaces
57
How do they transpire in humid conditions?
Tips of leaves have hydathodes | Release water droplets
58
Define assimilates
Substances which have become a part of the plant
59
Define sink
A plant of a plant where materials are removed from the transport system
60
Define source
A part of the plant that loads materials into the the transport system
61
What is translocation
The transport of assimilates throughout a plant
62
Example of sink
Roots
63
Example of source
Leaves
64
What are dicotyleoenous plants
2 seed leaves
65
What does the endodermis do?
help transport water into the xylem
66
Where is the pericycle?
just inside the endodermis
67
Describe structure of the stem
non-woody = discrete woody = ring xylem most central, then phloem with cambium in between them then sclerenchyma then collenchyma parenchyma all between (all other tissue)
68
Describe structure of leaf
phloem below xylem within central midrib
69
Three things that xylem contains?
- vessels to transport H2O and minerals - fibres to support plant - parenchyma
70
Differences between transpiration and translocation
``` Translocation = active, relies on difference in hydrostatic pressure, 'push' of sugars, altered by poisons Transpiration = passive, relies on tension, 'pull' of water, affected by wind, air movement etc ```

Biology AS Rafa (13 decks)

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