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Biology AS Rafa > 2.2 Biological Molecules > Flashcards

2.2 Biological Molecules Flashcards

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1
Q

Examples of reducing sugars

A

Maltose and lactose

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2
Q

Examples of non reducing sugars

A

Sucrose

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3
Q

What elements make up lipids and carbohydrates?

A

C
H
O

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4
Q

Which elements make up proteins?

A 
C
H
O
N
S
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5
Q

Which elements make up nucleic acids?

A 
C
H
O
N
P
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6
Q

Alpha-glucose + alpha-glucose

A

Maltose

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7
Q

A-glucose + fructose

A

Sucrose

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8
Q

Beta-glucose + alpha-glucose

A

Lactose

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9
Q

Beta + beta-glucose

A

Cellobiose

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10
Q

Difference between glycogen and amylopectin

A

1-4 chains are smaller
Less tendency to coil
More branches
More compact

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11
Q

Why are polysaccharides less soluble than monosaccharides?

A

Their size

Regions that could hydrogen bond are hidden away

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12
Q

Why is cellulose a good material for plant cell walls?

A

High tensile strength due to different bonds
Macrofibrils criss cross
Can be reinforced by other substances

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13
Q

Examples of macromolecules

A

Triglycerides and Phospholipids

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14
Q

Fibrous proteins

A

Insoluble

Metabolically inactive

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15
Q

Globular proteins

A

Soluble

Metabolically active

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16
Q

Structure of insulin

A

Two polypeptide chains
Chain A starts with a a helix and chain B ends with a b pleat
Joined by disulfide links
Soluble

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17
Q

Two types of computer modelling for protein structure

A

Ab initio

Comparative.

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18
Q

Summarise ab initio protein modelling

A

Based on physical and electrical properties of atom
Multiple solutions to the same amino acid sequence
Other methods needed to reduce solutions

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19
Q

Summarise comparative protein modelling

A

Protein threading

scans amino acid sequence against a database of solves structures and produces a set of possible models

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20
Q

Cations 2.2

A 
Ca2+
Na+
K+
H+
NH4+
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21
Q

Anions 2.2

A 
NO3-
HCO3-
Cl-
PO43-
OH-
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22
Q

Colour change Benedicts

A

Blue to green to yellow to orange red with reducing sugars

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23
Q

How do you use test strips for reducing sugars?

A

Commercially manufactured test strips
Dip strip in solution
Compare colour with calibration card
Used as test for glucose in urine of diabetic patients

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24
Q

Test for non-reducing sugars

A 
Test sample for reducing
Boil with HCl
Cool
Add sodium hydrogencarbonate to neutralise
Do Benedicts
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25
Q

Emulsion test

A

Mix with ethanol
Filter
Pour into water in clean test tube
Cloudy white emulsion

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26
Q

Biuret test

A

1) Biuret A = sodium hydroxide solution
2) Biuret B = copper (II) sulfate solution
Protein present = changes to purple/lilac
Protein absent = stays blue

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27
Q

How do you use a colorimeter?

A

Shining light through a sample
Put supernatant in curvette
Use coloured filter red
Percentage transmission

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28
Q

How do you use a calibration curve?

A

Do Benedicts on know concentrations of sugar
Find percentage transmission
Plot curve
Find Unknown samples to find original sample

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29
Q

Describe biosensors

A

devices that use biological molecules to detect chemicals which are converted into electrical signals by transducers

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30
Q

How to see animo acids on chromatography

A

Spray with ninhydrin
Binds to amino acids
Brown or purple spots

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31
Q

What to do if chromatography is colourless?

A

UV light
Ninhydrin
Iodine crystals that form a gas

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32
Q

How does chromatography work?

A

exposed OH make it very polar and allow hydrogen bonds to form with the molecules
Highly polar the reform moves more slowly

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33
Q

What to do in chromatography if solvents travel at the same speed?

A

Different solvent

Change pH

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34
Q

Define condensation reaction

A

reaction that occurs when two molecules are joined together with the removal of water

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35
Q

Define hydrogen bond

A

a weak interaction that can occur wherever molecules contain a slightly negatively charged atom bonded to a slightly positively charged hydrogen atom

36
Q

Define hydrolysis reaction

A

reaction that occurs when a molecule is split into two smaller molecules with the addition of water

37
Q

Define monomer

A

a small molecule which binds to many other identical molecules to form a polymer

38
Q

Define polymer

A

A large molecule made from many smaller molecules called monomers

39
Q

List of properties of water

A
  • Liquid at room temp
  • density
  • solvent
  • cohesion and surface tension
  • high specific heat capacity
  • high latent heat of vaporisation
  • reactant
40
Q

Why is density of water important?

A

aquatic organisms stable environment in winter

insulation against extreme cold

41
Q

Why is it important that a water can act as a solvent?

A
  • medium for metabolic reactions
  • allows ionic compounds to separate
  • transport (eg transpiration pathways and tissue fluid)
  • ability to dilute toxic substances
42
Q

Why is surface tension good?

A

Insects walk on water and water can go up xylem

43
Q

Why is high specific heat capacity of water good?

A

water does not heat up or cool down easily

stable temp in body and habitats

44
Q

Why is high latent heat of vaporisation good?

A

a lot of energy needed to evaporate

sweating

45
Q

Define glycosidic bond

A

bond formed between two monosaccharides by a hydrolysis reaction

46
Q

Does alpha glucose have same or opposite?

A

same

47
Q

What polysaccharide is a storage molecule in animals?

A

glycogen

48
Q

What polysaccharide is a storage molecule in plant?

A

Amylose and amylopectin

49
Q

Difference between amylose and amylopectin?

A

amylopectin has branches between carbons 1 and 6 as eel as glycosidic bonds between carbons 1 and 4

50
Q

What type of glucoses makes amylose amylopectin and glycogen?

A

alpha glucose

51
Q

What type of glucose is cellulose made from?

A

beta glucose

52
Q

How do the properties of cellulose relate to its function?

A
  • high tensile strength to support the plant
  • there is space between macrofibrils for water and mineral ions to pass
  • structure can be reinforced
53
Q

Define lipids

A

a group of substances that are soluble in alcohol rather than water. They include triglycerides, phospholipids and cholesterol

54
Q

Define macromolecule

A

A very large, organic molecule

55
Q

Define phospholipid

A

molecules consisting of glycerol, two fatty acids and one phosphate group

56
Q

Examples of macromolecules

A

triglyceride

phospholipid

57
Q

Functions of triglycerides

A 
energy source - broken down for ATP
energy store (insoluble in water and so can be stored without affecting the water potential of the cell)
insulation
buoyancy
protection (around organs)
58
Q

Properties of cholesterol

A

small and hydrophobic, prevents cell from becoming too fluid

59
Q

Define peptide bond

A

a bond formed when two amino acids are joined by a condensation reaction .

60
Q

Which amino acid has an R group with sulphur in it?

A

cysteine, strong covalent bonds

61
Q

Define fibrous protein

A
  • has a relatively long, thin structure
  • is insoluble in water and metabolically inactive
  • often having a structural role within an organism
62
Q

Define globular protein

A
  • has molecules of a relatively spherical shape
  • which are soluble in water
  • have metabollic roles within an organism
63
Q

Define prosthetic group

A

a non-protein component that forms a permanent part of a functioning protein molecule

64
Q

Structure of haemoglobin

A

two alpha-globin chains and two beta-globin chains

each chain has haem prosthetic group

65
Q

Structure of pepsin

A

Enzyme that digests protein
single polypeptide chain of 327 amino acids
very few amino acids with basic R groups but a lot with acidic

66
Q

What type of protein are most enzymes?

A

globular

67
Q

Properties and functions of collagen

A
  • providing mechanical strength
  • tough
  • insoluble
68
Q

Properties and functions of keratin

A
  • parts of the body that need to be hard and strong
  • mechanical protection
  • impermeable barrier to infection
  • waterproof
69
Q

Properties and functions of elastin

A

Where things need to stretch their shape

eg skin can stretch around bones

70
Q

Examples of reducing sugars

A

glucose maltose lactose

71
Q

How much benedicts reagent do you add?

A

always EXCESS

72
Q

What do different colours of benedicts test indicate?

A

Different concentrations of sugar

73
Q

Describe iodine test for starch

A

add iodine dissolved in potassium iodide

if starch is present, goes from orange brown to blue black

74
Q

Describe glucose biosensors

A

used to determine conc of glucose
uses the enzyme glucose oxidase and electrodes
the oxidation of glucose at the electrodes creates an electrical signal

75
Q

Whats chromatography used to separate?

A

proteins, carbohydrates, vitamins or nucleic acids

76
Q

properties of cellulose that make it suitable for cell walls

A
  • high tensile strength
  • H bonds between adjacent fibrils
  • insoluble
77
Q

Functions of cholesterol

A 
Regulating fluidity of membranes
Converted to steroid 
Waterproofing skin
Making vitamin d 
Making bile
78
Q

Why is glycogen a good storage molecule?

A 
Insoluble
Doesn’t affect water potential of cell
Can be broken down and built up quickly
Lots of branches for enzymes to attach
Compact
High energy content for mass
79
Q

What makes a glucose molecule suitable?

A
  • soluble for easy transport
  • small molecule goes across membranes
  • easily broken down
  • join to produce polysaccharides
80
Q

How is the tertiary structure of proteins affected by increases in temperature?

A
  • increased kinetic energy
  • molecule vibrates
  • hydrophobic/hydrophilic/hydrogen/ionic bonds break
  • change in 3D shape
  • denatures
81
Q

Properties of collagen

A

strong
flexible
not elastic
insoluble

82
Q

Structural similarities between maltose and lactose

A
  • both have 2 6-membered rings
  • both have 1-4 glycosidic bonds
  • both have 2 CH2OH groups
  • both have rings that contain oxygen
83
Q

Are all monosaccharides reducing or non-reducing sugars?

A

reducing

84
Q

Examples of monosaccharides

A

galactose, glucose, fructose, ribose, and maltose

85
Q

Example of non reducing sugar

A

sucrose

86
Q

Is maltose monosaccharide or disaccharide?

A

di

87
Q

Is sucrose a monosaccharide or a disaccharide?

A

di

Biology AS Rafa (13 decks)

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