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Biology AS Rafa > 3.1 Exchange Surfaces > Flashcards

3.1 Exchange Surfaces Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the three main factors hat affect the need for an exchange system?

A

Size (single celled and multicellular organisms)
Surface area to volume ratio
Level of activity

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2
Q

What are the features of a good exchange surface?

A

A large surface area
A thin diffusion distance
A good blood supply (steep concentration gradient)

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3
Q

Define alveoli.

A

Tiny fold of the lung epithelium to increase the surface area.

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4
Q

What are bronchi and bronchioles?

A

Smaller airways leading to the lungs.

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5
Q

What is the diaphragm?

A

A layer of muscle beneath the lungs.

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6
Q

What are intercostal muscles.

A

Muscles between the ribs.

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7
Q

Contraction of what muscles raises the rib age?

A

External intercostal muscles.

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8
Q

What is the trachea?

A

Main airway leading from back of the mouth to lungs.

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9
Q

What is ventilation?

A

The refreshing of the air in the lungs, so that there is a higher oxygen concentration than in the blood, and a lower carbon dioxide concentration.

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10
Q

How are the alveoli specialised?

A

Large surface area
Thin layer of moisture
They have elastic fibres in their walls
Constant blood supply

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11
Q

Explain inspiration.

A

Diaphragm contracts
External intercostal muscles contract
Ribs raise
Volume increases pressure decreases

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12
Q

Explain expiration.

A

Diaphragm relaxes
External intercostal muscles relax
Ribs fall
Volume decreased pressure increases

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13
Q

What do the internal intercostal muscles do?

A

Can contract to push air out more forcefully during exercise or coughing or sneezing

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14
Q

What are elastic fibres?

A

Protein fibres that can deform the recoil to their original size.

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15
Q

What is smooth muscle?

A

Involuntary muscle that contracts without the need for conscious thought.

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16
Q

What helps prevent collapse during inspiration?

A

Cartilage.

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17
Q

What shape is the cartilage?

A

C-shaped for flexibility and allows food to pass down oesophagus.

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18
Q

What is the wall of bronchioles compromised of?

A

Smooth muscle and elastic fibres.

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19
Q

What does smooth muscle do?

A

Can contract and constrict the airway if there are harmful substances in the air
Not voluntary

20
Q

How does smooth muscle relax?

A

Elongated by elastic fibres which recoil to their original size and shape

21
Q

What is oxygen uptake?

A

The volume of oxygen absorbed in one minute.

22
Q

Tidal volume?

A

The volume of air inhaled or exhaled in one breath at rest

23
Q

What is vital capacity?

A

The greatest volume of air that can be expelled from the lungs after taking the deepest possible breath.

24
Q

What precautions need to be taken with a spirometer?

A
  • healthy and free from asthma
  • fresh soda lime
  • no air leaks
  • sterilised mouth piece
  • water chamber must not be overfilled
25
Q

What is the buccal cavity?

A

The mouth.

26
Q

What is countercurrent flow?

A

Where two fluids flow in opposite directions.

27
Q

What are filaments?

A

Slender branches of tissue that make up the hill. Primary lamallae.

28
Q

what are lamallae?

A

Often called secondary lamallae, folds of filament to increase surface area.

29
Q

What is the operculum?

A

Bony flap that covers and protects the gills.

30
Q

What is the spiracle?

A

An external opening that allows air in and out of the trachea.

31
Q

What is tracheal fluid?

A

The fluid found at the ends of the tracheoles.

32
Q

What is the tracheal system?

A

A system of air filled tubes in insects

33
Q

How many hills do most bony fish have?

A

5

34
Q

How do bony fish keep water flowing over the gills?

A

Buccal-opercular pump.

35
Q

How does ventilation in insects occur?

A

Tracheal walls can be flexible which are squeezed by the action of the flight muscles.
-wings may alter thorax

36
Q

How do locusts ventilate?

A

They alter the volume of their abdomen. As it expands the spiracles at the front end of the body open and air enters.

37
Q

What is residual volume?

A

The Volume of air that remains in the Lungs even after forced expiration

38
Q

What does soda lime do?

A

Absorbs carbon dioxide

39
Q

Example of increase surface area?

A

Root hair cells

40
Q

Example of thin diffusion distance

A

Alveoli

41
Q

Example of good blood supply/ ventilation to maintain gradient?

A

Gills/alveolus

42
Q

What are the tissues found in the alveoli?

A
  • squamous epithelium

- elastic fibres

43
Q

What are the tissues found the the capillary walls?

A

squamous ENDOthelium

44
Q

What do the trachea, bronchi and bronchioles need to be?

A
  • large
  • supported
  • flexible
45
Q

Whats the epithelium that lines the trachea, bronchi and bronchioles called?

A

ciliated epithelium

46
Q

How many layers of cells are there between the alveolar sac and the blood?

A

two

Biology AS Rafa (13 decks)

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