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Biology AS Rafa > 2.1 Cell Structure > Flashcards

2.1 Cell Structure Flashcards

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1
Q

Max magnification and resolution of a light telescope?

A

1500x and 200nm

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2
Q

What is used to stain DNA and which colour does it get stained?

A

Acetic orcein stains DNA dark red

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3
Q

What is used to stain bacterial cell walls and what colour do they appear when stained?

A

Gentian violet

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4
Q

What is needed to preserve the structure of cells in light microscopy?

A

The specimen is embedded in wax to preserve the structure of cells walls while cutting them into a thin slice

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5
Q

How do you correctly use a light microscope?

A

Calibrate the eyepiece graticule using the stage micrometer. This allows you to measure the size of the specimen.

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6
Q

What is the max magnification of an SEM?

A

Up to x100,000

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7
Q

What is the max magnification of a TEM?

A

Up to x500,000

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8
Q

Define magnification.

A

The degree to which the size of an image is larger than the object itself.

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9
Q

Define resolution.

A

The degree to which it is possible to distinguish two points of an object that are close together.
See detail

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10
Q

Descrive the organelles involved in protein synthesis?

A
  • Made in ribosomes
  • Ribosomes on RER make proteins that are excreted or attached to the cell membrane, cytoplasm stay in cytoplasm
  • Processed and folded in RER
  • Transported to Golgi apparatus in vesicles
  • Golgi = further processing
  • More vesicles and transported around the cell
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11
Q

What are plasmodesmata?

A

‘Channels’ for exchanging substances with adjacent cells

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12
Q

Function of cell membrane.

A
  • Regulating movement of substances in and out of cell

- Receptor molecules which allow cell to respond to hormones

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13
Q

Function of lysosome.

A
  • Contains digestive enzymes
  • Digest invading cells
  • Break down worn out components of the cell
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14
Q

Function of RER.

A

Folds and processes proteins that have been made by the ribosomes.

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15
Q

Function of SEM.

A

Synthesis of cholesterol
Synthesis of lipids and photo lipids
Synthesis of steroid hormones
Absorption and transport of lipids

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16
Q

Function of Golgi apparatus.

A
  • Processes and packages new lipids and proteins.

- Makes lysosomes

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17
Q

What is the inner membrane of the mitochondria folded into?

A

Crista

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18
Q

What is the inside of a mitochondrion called and what is inside it?

A

The matrix and enzymes involved in respiration.

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19
Q

What is the inside of a chloroplast called?

A

Stroma

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20
Q

What is the pancake stack in a chloroplast called?

A

Granum

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21
Q

What is a granum a stack of?

A

Thylakoids

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22
Q

What joins thylakoids?

A

Llamella

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23
Q

What are centrioles and what are they used for?

A

Small, hollow cylinders made of microtubules. Found in animal cells, but only some plant cells. Involved in the separation of chromosomes during cell division.

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24
Q

What are cilia and what are they used for?

A

Hair-like structures found on some animal cells. Their cross section has a ring of nine pairs of protein microtubules with two in the middle, These allow the cilia to move or to move substances along the surface.

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25
Q

What are flagella?

A

Structured like cilia but longer. Contract to make the cell move.

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26
Q

How big a prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

A

Less than 2 micrometers and about 10-100 micrometers in diameter.

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27
Q

What is the cell wall of prokaryotes made of?

A

Polysaccharides, not cellulose (plants) or chitin (fungi)

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28
Q

Give examples of prokaryotes and eukaryotes.

A

E.coli bacterium and human liver cell

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29
Q

How do laser scanning confocal microscopes work?

A

Intense beams of light scan a specimen which is tagged with a fluorescent dye. This causes the dye to give off light which is then focussed onto a pinhole and through a detector. This is hooked up to a computer, which can produce a 3D image.

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30
Q

Max resolution and max magnification for all 3 telescopes.

A

light = 0.2 micrometers and x1500
TEM = 0.0002 micrometers and >x1 000 000
SEM=0.002 micrometers and <500 000

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31
Q

Order of use of light telescope.

A
  • Clip slide
  • Lowest objective lens
  • Coarse adjustment knob
  • Fine adjustment knob
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32
Q

Where is the eyepiece graticule?

A

Fitted onto the eyepiece, no units.

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33
Q

What is used to adjust the eyepiece graticule?

A

A stage micrometer.

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34
Q

How a protein threads arranged in eukaryotic cells?

A

Microfilaments and microtubules

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35
Q

What are microfilaments?

A

Small solid strands of protein threads.

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36
Q

What are microtubules?

A

Tiny protein cylinders.

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37
Q

How do you prevent microtubules and microfilaments from functioning?

A

By using respiratory inhibitors.

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38
Q

How big are prokaryotes?

A

Less than 2 micrometers.

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39
Q

How big are eukaryotes?

A

10-100 micrometers in diameter.

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40
Q

Difference in DNA in prokaryotes and eukaryotes.

A

Prokaryotes have circular DNA that is free in the cytoplasm. In eukaryotes, DNA is linear.

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41
Q

What is the cell wall of prokaryotes made from?

A

A polysaccharide - peptidogylcan.

42
Q

What are eukaryotes cell wall made from?

A

Cellulose in plants or chitin in fungi.

43
Q

What is the difference in the flagella of prokaryotes and eukaryotes?

A

In prokaryotes the flagella is made of flagellin and is arranged in a helix.
In eukaryotes flagella are made of microtubule proteins arranged in a 9+2 formation.

44
Q

What is the difference in ribosomes in prokaryotes and eukaryotes?

A

Prokaryotes have small ribosomes while eukaryotes have large ones.

45
Q

What is a photograph of the image using an optical telescope called?

A

A photomicrograph.

46
Q

What is an all purpose stain?

A

Methylene blue

47
Q

What stains cytoplasm?

A

Eosin.

48
Q

What does eosin stain?

A

Cytoplasm.

49
Q

What does Sudan red stain?

A

Lipids.

50
Q

What stains lipids?

A

Sudan red.

51
Q

What stains cellulose?

A

Iodine in potassium iodide stains it yellow

52
Q

What stains starch granules?

A

Iodine in potassium iodide stains it black or blue.

53
Q

What is the fancy name for starch grain?

A

Amylopast

54
Q

What is the function of centrioles?

A

Cell division

Formation of cilia and undulipodia

55
Q

How are proteins modified in the Golgi apparatus?

A
  • adding sugar to make glycoproteins
  • adding lipid molecules to make lipoproteins
  • being folded into their 3D shape
56
Q

What are protoctists?

A

Microscopic single celled organisms such as amoeba and chlorella.

57
Q

What is the pathogen that causes malaria?

A

Pasmodiumis.

58
Q

What is the membrane that surrounds the vacuole called?

A

The tonoplast

59
Q

Where are lysosomes abundant?

A

In phagocytic cells such a neutrophils and macrophages.

60
Q

Whag is an electron micrograph?

A

Photograph of an image seen using an electron microscope

60
Q

Define organelles

A

Small structures within cells, each of which had a specific function

60
Q

What is a photomicrograph?

A

Photograph of an image seen using an optical microscope

61
Q

Pros of optical microscopes

A

Cheap
Easy to use
Portable
Living specimens

62
Q

Describe TEM

A

Specimen dehydrated and stained

2D

63
Q

What are thin slices of a specimen called?

A

Sections

64
Q

Define eyepiece graticule

A

A measuring device in the eyepiece of a microscope and acts as a ruler

65
Q

Define stage graticule.

A

A precise measuring device - small scale that is used to calibrate the value of eyepiece divisions at different magnifications

66
Q

What happens in the nucleolus?

A

Ribosomes are made

67
Q

How to ribosomes leave the nucleus?

A

Through areas where the inner and outer nuclear membranes fuse

68
Q

What is the function of the nucleus?

A

Control centre
Stores genome
Transmits genetic info
Protein synthesis instructions

69
Q

What are the cavities of the RER called?

A

Cisternae

70
Q

Function of vacuole

A

Maintains cell stability

71
Q

Features of lysosomes

A

Single membrane

Hydrolytic enzymes

72
Q

Difference between flagella and undulopodia

A

Eukaryotes have undulipodia

73
Q

Which organelles don’t have membranes

A

Ribosomes
Centrioles
Cytoskeleton
Cellulose cell wall

74
Q

What are centrioles made of?

A

Two bundles of microtubules at right angles to each other

Made of Tubulin protein subunits

75
Q

How are centrioles involved in the formation of cilia and undulipodia?

A

Centrioles multiply and line up beneath cell membrane

Microtubules spout out

76
Q

Describe the structure of the cytoskeleton

A 
Microfilaments 
Intermediate filaments
Microtubules
Motor proteins 
Myosins
Kinesics
77
Q

What are microfilaments made of?

A

Actin

78
Q

Function of cytoskeleton

A 
Support and mechanical strength
Help substance and organelles to move through cytoplasm 
(Motor proteins)
Form spindle
Anchor nucleus 
Cell signalling to stabilise tissues
79
Q

Function of cell wall

A

Strength and support
Maintain shape
Strength of whole plant
Permeable

80
Q

Similarities between prokaryotes and Eukaryotae

A

Plasma membrane
Cytoplasm
Ribosomes
DNA RNA

81
Q

Difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells

A 
Smaller
Less developed cytoskeleton with no centrioles
No membrane bound organelles
Different cell wall
Smaller ribosomes
Naked DNA 
Binary fission
82
Q

What is included in the structure of a chloroplast?

A 
Double membrane
Starch grain
Granum
Stroma
Lipid droplet
83
Q

Similarities between chloroplasts and mitochondria?

A 
Double membrane
DNA 
Lipid droplets
Large internal surface area
Ribosomes
84
Q

What is Cristae

A

Inner membrane of mitochondria

85
Q

Functions of proteins in plasma membrane

A

Attachment sites
Receptors
Enzymes
Transport

86
Q

Define organ

A

More than on tho rod tissue working together to perform a function

87
Q

Size of ribosomes in prokaryotes

A

18nm

89
Q

Function of cytoskeleton from markscheme

A 
Support cell
Changes shape (eg cytokinesis)
Moving organelles
Holding organelles in place
Make up centrioles and spindle fibres
movement of cilia etc
91
Q

Size of ribosomes in eukaryotes

A

22nm

92
Q

Features of plant cells that are not features of animal cells

A 
cellulose cell wall
chloroplast
amyloplast
LARGE, PERMANENT vacuole
tonoplast
plasmodesmata
93
Q

Feature of animal cell that is not present in plant cell

A

centriole

94
Q

Why is staining good?

A
  • Easier to see in more detail
  • Increases contrast
  • Recognise parts of the cell
  • Identify different compounds/molecules
95
Q

Is SEM 2D or 3D?

A

3D

96
Q

How does vesicle move around?

A

Cytoskeleton provides pathways
Vesicles move along microfilamenrs/tubules
Microtubules broken down
Uses ATP

97
Q

How to increase validity of experiment using microscope

A

sharp blade
thin slices - select thinnest
wet mount
squash slide

98
Q

What is a brush border made of?

A

microvilli

99
Q

Difference between cilia and microvilli

A

microvilli help in absorption whereas cilia help in rhythmic movement

100
Q

Where are microvilli found?

A

small intestine, and increase the surface area for nutrient absorption.

101
Q

Where are cilia found?

A

ciliated epithelial cells, like in the lungs

Biology AS Rafa (13 decks)

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