3.2 Transport In Animals Flashcards
Define double circulatory system
One in which blood flows through the heart twice for each circuit of the body
Transport
The movement of substances such as oxygen, nutrients, hormones, waste and heat around the body.
What are the factors that influence the need for a transport system.
Size
Surface area to volume ratio
Level of metabolic activity
Arteries
Vessels that carry blood away from the heart
Arterioles
Small blood vessels that distribute blood from an artery to the capillaries.
Capillaries
Very small vessels with very thin walls
Closed circulatory system
One in which the blood is held in vessels
Open circulatory systems
One in which the blood is not held in vessels
Veins
Vessels that carry blood back to the heart
Venules
Small blood vessels that collect blood from capillaries and lead into the veins.
What does an effective transport system include
Fluid
Pump
Exchange surfaces
What does an efficient transport system include?
Tubes or vessels to carry blood by mass flow
Two circuits
What is the route of a single circulatory system
Heart
Gills
Body
Heart
What is he route of a double circulatory system?
Heart Body Heart Lungs Heart
What are disadvantages of a single circulatory system?
Blood pressure drops as blood passes through tiny capillaries of fish
Does not flow quickly
Rate is limited
May be affected by body movements
In insects, how does blood enter the heart and how is it pumped around the body?
Through small pores called ostia and by peristalsis
some have tubular heart
Structure of arteries and veins
Lumen Endothelium Elastic fibres Smooth muscle Collagen fibres
What does the tunica intima of arteries consist of?
Elastic tissue which allows the wall to recoil to maintain blood pressure
What does the tunica media of arteries consist of?
Thick layer of smooth muscle
What does the tunica adventitia consist of?
Thick layer of collagen and elastic tissues
Strength for high pressure and recoil
How are capillaries specialised?
Narrow so red blood cell squeezed against the wall
Single layer of flattened endothelial cells
The walls are leaky
Define blood
The fluid used to transport materials around the body
Define hydrostatic pressure
The pressure that a fluid exerts when pushing against the sides of a vessel or container
define lymph
The fluid held in the lymphatic system, which is a system of tubes that returns the excess tissue fluid to the blood system
Define oncotic pressure
The pressure created by the osmotic effects of the solutes
Define plasma
The fluid portion of the blood
Define tissue fluid
The fluid surrounding the cells and tissues
Scientific name for white blood cells
Leucocytes
Define atrioventricular valve
Valves between the Syria and the ventricles, which ensure that the blood flows in the correct direction
Define cardiac muscle
Specialised muscle found in the walls of the heart chambers
Define semilunar valves
Valves that prevent blood re entering the heart from the arteries
Define cardiac cycle
The sequence of events in one full beat of the heart
Define bradycardia
A slow heart rhythm
Define ectopic heartbeat
And extra beat or an early beat of the ventricles
Define electrocardiogram
A trace that records the electrical activity of the heart
Define fibrillation
Uncoordinated contractions of the atria and the ventricles
Define myogenic muscle
Muscle that can initiate its own contraction
Define purkyne tissue
Consists of specially adapted muscle fibres that conduct the wave of excitation from the AVN down the septum to the ventricles
Define sino-atrial node (SAN)
The hearts pacemaker. It is a small patch of tissue that sends out waves of electrical excitation at regular intervals in order to initiate contractions
Define tachycardia
A rapid heart rhythm
Define affinity
A strong attraction
Define dissociation
Releasing oxygen from oxyhemoglobin
Feral haemoglobin
The type of haemoglobin usually found only in the fetus
Define haemoglobin
The red pigment used to transport oxygen in the blood
How is tissue fluid formed?
By plasma leaking out from the capillaries.
Which fluids have low hydrostatic pressure?
Tissue and lymph
Why fluids have high hydrostatic pressure?
Blood plasma
What cells does blood plasma consist of?
Rbc, neutrophils and lymphocytes
What cells does tissue fluid have?
Some neutrophils in infected areas
Which does does lymph have?
Lymphocytes.
Which proteins do the fluids have?
Blood plasma has plasma proteins.
Tissue fluid and lymph have few proteins.
How do the fluids transport fats?
Blood plasma as lipoproteins
Tissue fluid few fats
Lymph more days near digestive system
Differences in oncotic pressure between fluids?
Plasma- more negative
Tissue fluid and lymph -less negative
What is aninga?
Chest pain and tightness when the heart isn’t receiving enough oxygen.
What is thee fancy name for a heart attack?
Myocardial infarction
What do tendinous cords do?
Prevent valves from Turning inside out when the ventricle walls contact.
How does cardiac muscle contact at the same time?
Branched structure of fibres with cross bridges
Intercalated discs
Define carbonic anhydrase
The enzyme that catalyses the combination of carbon dioxide and water
What is the chloride shift
The movement of chloride ions into the erythrocytes to balance the charge as hydrogencarbonate ions leave the cell
What is the Bohr effect?
The effect that an extra carbon dioxide has on the haemoglobin, explaining the release of more oxygen.
What is haemoglobnic acid?
The compound formed by the buffering action of haemoglobin as it combines with excess hydrogen ions.
Which side of the heart is bigger?
Left
Three ways carbon dioxide is transported
Dissolved directly in plasma
Carbaminohaemoglobin
Hydrogencarbonate ions
Steps of transporting carbon dioxide in a red blood cell
Carbon dioxide and water form carbonic acid
Dissociates
Hydrogen ions produce haemoglobnic acid
Disadvantages of an open circulatory system
- low pressure, slow flow
- movement affects flow
Why are double circulatory systems good?
- blood pressure cannot be high when passing through capillary beds
- double circulation allows blood to be repressurised before it reaches the bidy
- this allows delivery of O2 etc much quicker
Features of arteries
- small lumen
- smooth walls
- wall is folded to allow for changes in blood flow
- thin layer of elastic tissue
- smooth muscle
- thick layer of collagen and elastic tissue
Vessels with highest and lowest blood pressure?
- arteries
- arteroiles
- capillaries
- venules
- veins
What does the arteriole wall consist of?
Layer of smooth muscle which can contract to constrict the diameter to divert the blood to more active tissues
What does the venule wall consist of?
thin layers of muscle and elastic tissue outside the endothelium, and a thin outer layer of collagen
What does blood plasma contain?
- O2
- CO2
- minerals
- glucose
- amino acids
- hormones
- plasma proteins
How do the substituents of tissue fluid differ from the substituents of blood plasma?
- no cells
- no plasma proteins
How is tissue fluid formed?
At the arterial end of a capillary, the blood is at a high hydrostatic pressure
this pushes blood fluids out of capillary wall
Where is tissue fluid formed?
In the capillary bed
What happens to the tissue fluid that does not renter the blood?
directed into the lymph/lymphatic system
What does the lymph system do?
Drains excess tissue fluid out of tissues and returns it to the blood system via the subclavian vein in the chest
What types of pressure are involved in the formation of the tissue fluid?
Hydrostatic pressure and osmotic (oncotic) pressure
What cells can be found in the blood?
erythrocytes
leucocytes
platelets
What cells can be found in the tissue fluid?
some leucocytes
What cells can be found in lymph fluid?
lymphocytes
What proteins can be found in the blood?
hormones and plasma proteins
What proteins can be found in tissue fluid?
some hormones, proteins secreted by body cells
What proteins can be found in the lymph?
few proteins
CO2 level comparison between blood, tissue fluid and lymph?
blood= less
tissue fluid = more
lymph = more
Amino acid level comparison between blood, tissue fluid and lymph?
blood = more
tissue fluid = less
lymph = less
Oxygen level comparison between blood, tissue fluid and lymph?
blood = more
tissue fluid = less
lymph = less
Fat comparison between blood, tissue fluid and lymph?
blood = lipoproteins
tissue fluid = few fats
lymph = more fats (especially near digestive system)
Comparison of HP between blood, TF and lymph?
blood = high TF = low lymph = low
Comparison of OP between blood, TF and lymph?
blood = more negative TF = less negative lymph = less negative
What is cardiac output?
How much blood the heart can pump in a certain amount of time
Equation for cardiac output?
stroke volume (how much blood left ventricle moves per heart beat) x heart rate
What is stroke volume?
How much blood the left ventricle moves per heart beat
Define affinity
a strong attraction
Define dissociation
releasing oxygen from oxyhaemoglobin
Define fetal haemoglobin
the type of haemoglobin usually found only in the foetus
Define haemoglobin
the red pigment used to transport oxygen in the blood
What determines if oxygen associates or disassociates with haemoglobin
the concentration of O2 in surrounding tissues
Difference between fetal and adult haemoglobin?
fetal haemoglobin has a higher affinity to oxygen than adult haemoglobin
the dissociation curve is to the left
because must be able to associate with oxygen in an environment where the oxygen tension is low enough to make the adult haemoglobin release oxygen
Three ways carbon dioxide is transported?
- dissolved in plasma (5%)
- carbaminohaemoglobin (10%)
- hydrogen carbonate ions (85%)
What happens to CO2 once it enters the RBC?
combines with H2O via carbonic anhydrase to make carbonic acid which then dissociates and HCO3- leaves the cell
What happens to H+ ions once HCO3- leaves RBC?
combines with haemoglobin to make haemoglobnic acid
haemoglobin is a buffer
How does carbon dioxide make haemoglobin release oxygen?
cause H+ acidity which changes the tertiary structure of haemoglobin and reduces its affinity for oxygen -BOHR SHIFT
Define carbonic anhydrase
the enzyme that catalyses the combination of carbon dioxide and water
Define chloride shift
the movement of chloride ions into erythrocytes to balance the charge as hydrogencarbonate ions leave the cell
Define Bohr effect
the effect that extra carbon dioxide has on the haemoglobin, explaining the release of more oxygen
Define haemoglobnic acid
the compound formed by the buffering action of haemoglobin as it combines with excess hydrogen ions
Describe a double, closed circulatory system in terms of systematic and pulmonary circulation
systematic - higher pressure
pulmonary - lower pressure
What is the inferior vena cava?
vein that carries deoxygenated blood from lower and middle body to right atrium
What is the superior vena cava?
vein that carries deoxygenated blood from upper body to right atrium
