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Biology AS Rafa > 3.2 Transport In Animals > Flashcards

3.2 Transport In Animals Flashcards

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1
Q

Define double circulatory system

A

One in which blood flows through the heart twice for each circuit of the body

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2
Q

Transport

A

The movement of substances such as oxygen, nutrients, hormones, waste and heat around the body.

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3
Q

What are the factors that influence the need for a transport system.

A

Size
Surface area to volume ratio
Level of metabolic activity

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4
Q

Arteries

A

Vessels that carry blood away from the heart

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5
Q

Arterioles

A

Small blood vessels that distribute blood from an artery to the capillaries.

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6
Q

Capillaries

A

Very small vessels with very thin walls

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7
Q

Closed circulatory system

A

One in which the blood is held in vessels

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8
Q

Open circulatory systems

A

One in which the blood is not held in vessels

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9
Q

Veins

A

Vessels that carry blood back to the heart

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10
Q

Venules

A

Small blood vessels that collect blood from capillaries and lead into the veins.

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11
Q

What does an effective transport system include

A

Fluid
Pump
Exchange surfaces

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12
Q

What does an efficient transport system include?

A

Tubes or vessels to carry blood by mass flow

Two circuits

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13
Q

What is the route of a single circulatory system

A

Heart
Gills
Body
Heart

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14
Q

What is he route of a double circulatory system?

A 
Heart
Body
Heart
Lungs
Heart
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15
Q

What are disadvantages of a single circulatory system?

A

Blood pressure drops as blood passes through tiny capillaries of fish
Does not flow quickly
Rate is limited
May be affected by body movements

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16
Q

In insects, how does blood enter the heart and how is it pumped around the body?

A

Through small pores called ostia and by peristalsis

some have tubular heart

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17
Q

Structure of arteries and veins

A 
Lumen
Endothelium
Elastic fibres
Smooth muscle
Collagen fibres
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18
Q

What does the tunica intima of arteries consist of?

A

Elastic tissue which allows the wall to recoil to maintain blood pressure

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19
Q

What does the tunica media of arteries consist of?

A

Thick layer of smooth muscle

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20
Q

What does the tunica adventitia consist of?

A

Thick layer of collagen and elastic tissues

Strength for high pressure and recoil

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21
Q

How are capillaries specialised?

A

Narrow so red blood cell squeezed against the wall
Single layer of flattened endothelial cells
The walls are leaky

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22
Q

Define blood

A

The fluid used to transport materials around the body

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23
Q

Define hydrostatic pressure

A

The pressure that a fluid exerts when pushing against the sides of a vessel or container

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24
Q

define lymph

A

The fluid held in the lymphatic system, which is a system of tubes that returns the excess tissue fluid to the blood system

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25
Q

Define oncotic pressure

A

The pressure created by the osmotic effects of the solutes

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26
Q

Define plasma

A

The fluid portion of the blood

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27
Q

Define tissue fluid

A

The fluid surrounding the cells and tissues

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28
Q

Scientific name for white blood cells

A

Leucocytes

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29
Q

Define atrioventricular valve

A

Valves between the Syria and the ventricles, which ensure that the blood flows in the correct direction

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30
Q

Define cardiac muscle

A

Specialised muscle found in the walls of the heart chambers

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31
Q

Define semilunar valves

A

Valves that prevent blood re entering the heart from the arteries

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32
Q

Define cardiac cycle

A

The sequence of events in one full beat of the heart

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33
Q

Define bradycardia

A

A slow heart rhythm

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34
Q

Define ectopic heartbeat

A

And extra beat or an early beat of the ventricles

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35
Q

Define electrocardiogram

A

A trace that records the electrical activity of the heart

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36
Q

Define fibrillation

A

Uncoordinated contractions of the atria and the ventricles

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37
Q

Define myogenic muscle

A

Muscle that can initiate its own contraction

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38
Q

Define purkyne tissue

A

Consists of specially adapted muscle fibres that conduct the wave of excitation from the AVN down the septum to the ventricles

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39
Q

Define sino-atrial node (SAN)

A

The hearts pacemaker. It is a small patch of tissue that sends out waves of electrical excitation at regular intervals in order to initiate contractions

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40
Q

Define tachycardia

A

A rapid heart rhythm

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41
Q

Define affinity

A

A strong attraction

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42
Q

Define dissociation

A

Releasing oxygen from oxyhemoglobin

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43
Q

Feral haemoglobin

A

The type of haemoglobin usually found only in the fetus

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44
Q

Define haemoglobin

A

The red pigment used to transport oxygen in the blood

45
Q

How is tissue fluid formed?

A

By plasma leaking out from the capillaries.

46
Q

Which fluids have low hydrostatic pressure?

A

Tissue and lymph

47
Q

Why fluids have high hydrostatic pressure?

A

Blood plasma

48
Q

What cells does blood plasma consist of?

A

Rbc, neutrophils and lymphocytes

49
Q

What cells does tissue fluid have?

A

Some neutrophils in infected areas

50
Q

Which does does lymph have?

A

Lymphocytes.

51
Q

Which proteins do the fluids have?

A

Blood plasma has plasma proteins.

Tissue fluid and lymph have few proteins.

52
Q

How do the fluids transport fats?

A

Blood plasma as lipoproteins
Tissue fluid few fats
Lymph more days near digestive system

53
Q

Differences in oncotic pressure between fluids?

A

Plasma- more negative

Tissue fluid and lymph -less negative

54
Q

What is aninga?

A

Chest pain and tightness when the heart isn’t receiving enough oxygen.

55
Q

What is thee fancy name for a heart attack?

A

Myocardial infarction

56
Q

What do tendinous cords do?

A

Prevent valves from Turning inside out when the ventricle walls contact.

57
Q

How does cardiac muscle contact at the same time?

A

Branched structure of fibres with cross bridges

Intercalated discs

58
Q

Define carbonic anhydrase

A

The enzyme that catalyses the combination of carbon dioxide and water

59
Q

What is the chloride shift

A

The movement of chloride ions into the erythrocytes to balance the charge as hydrogencarbonate ions leave the cell

60
Q

What is the Bohr effect?

A

The effect that an extra carbon dioxide has on the haemoglobin, explaining the release of more oxygen.

61
Q

What is haemoglobnic acid?

A

The compound formed by the buffering action of haemoglobin as it combines with excess hydrogen ions.

62
Q

Which side of the heart is bigger?

A

Left

63
Q

Three ways carbon dioxide is transported

A

Dissolved directly in plasma
Carbaminohaemoglobin
Hydrogencarbonate ions

64
Q

Steps of transporting carbon dioxide in a red blood cell

A

Carbon dioxide and water form carbonic acid
Dissociates
Hydrogen ions produce haemoglobnic acid

65
Q

Disadvantages of an open circulatory system

A
  • low pressure, slow flow

- movement affects flow

66
Q

Why are double circulatory systems good?

A
  • blood pressure cannot be high when passing through capillary beds
  • double circulation allows blood to be repressurised before it reaches the bidy
  • this allows delivery of O2 etc much quicker
67
Q

Features of arteries

A
  • small lumen
  • smooth walls
  • wall is folded to allow for changes in blood flow
  • thin layer of elastic tissue
  • smooth muscle
  • thick layer of collagen and elastic tissue
68
Q

Vessels with highest and lowest blood pressure?

A
  • arteries
  • arteroiles
  • capillaries
  • venules
  • veins
69
Q

What does the arteriole wall consist of?

A

Layer of smooth muscle which can contract to constrict the diameter to divert the blood to more active tissues

70
Q

What does the venule wall consist of?

A

thin layers of muscle and elastic tissue outside the endothelium, and a thin outer layer of collagen

71
Q

What does blood plasma contain?

A
  • O2
  • CO2
  • minerals
  • glucose
  • amino acids
  • hormones
  • plasma proteins
72
Q

How do the substituents of tissue fluid differ from the substituents of blood plasma?

A
  • no cells

- no plasma proteins

73
Q

How is tissue fluid formed?

A

At the arterial end of a capillary, the blood is at a high hydrostatic pressure
this pushes blood fluids out of capillary wall

74
Q

Where is tissue fluid formed?

A

In the capillary bed

75
Q

What happens to the tissue fluid that does not renter the blood?

A

directed into the lymph/lymphatic system

76
Q

What does the lymph system do?

A

Drains excess tissue fluid out of tissues and returns it to the blood system via the subclavian vein in the chest

77
Q

What types of pressure are involved in the formation of the tissue fluid?

A

Hydrostatic pressure and osmotic (oncotic) pressure

78
Q

What cells can be found in the blood?

A

erythrocytes
leucocytes
platelets

79
Q

What cells can be found in the tissue fluid?

A

some leucocytes

80
Q

What cells can be found in lymph fluid?

A

lymphocytes

81
Q

What proteins can be found in the blood?

A

hormones and plasma proteins

82
Q

What proteins can be found in tissue fluid?

A

some hormones, proteins secreted by body cells

83
Q

What proteins can be found in the lymph?

A

few proteins

84
Q

CO2 level comparison between blood, tissue fluid and lymph?

A

blood= less
tissue fluid = more
lymph = more

85
Q

Amino acid level comparison between blood, tissue fluid and lymph?

A

blood = more
tissue fluid = less
lymph = less

86
Q

Oxygen level comparison between blood, tissue fluid and lymph?

A

blood = more
tissue fluid = less
lymph = less

87
Q

Fat comparison between blood, tissue fluid and lymph?

A

blood = lipoproteins
tissue fluid = few fats
lymph = more fats (especially near digestive system)

88
Q

Comparison of HP between blood, TF and lymph?

A 
blood = high
TF = low
lymph = low
89
Q

Comparison of OP between blood, TF and lymph?

A 
blood = more negative
TF = less negative
lymph = less negative
90
Q

What is cardiac output?

A

How much blood the heart can pump in a certain amount of time

91
Q

Equation for cardiac output?

A

stroke volume (how much blood left ventricle moves per heart beat) x heart rate

92
Q

What is stroke volume?

A

How much blood the left ventricle moves per heart beat

93
Q

Define affinity

A

a strong attraction

94
Q

Define dissociation

A

releasing oxygen from oxyhaemoglobin

95
Q

Define fetal haemoglobin

A

the type of haemoglobin usually found only in the foetus

96
Q

Define haemoglobin

A

the red pigment used to transport oxygen in the blood

97
Q

What determines if oxygen associates or disassociates with haemoglobin

A

the concentration of O2 in surrounding tissues

98
Q

Difference between fetal and adult haemoglobin?

A

fetal haemoglobin has a higher affinity to oxygen than adult haemoglobin
the dissociation curve is to the left
because must be able to associate with oxygen in an environment where the oxygen tension is low enough to make the adult haemoglobin release oxygen

99
Q

Three ways carbon dioxide is transported?

A
  • dissolved in plasma (5%)
  • carbaminohaemoglobin (10%)
  • hydrogen carbonate ions (85%)
100
Q

What happens to CO2 once it enters the RBC?

A

combines with H2O via carbonic anhydrase to make carbonic acid which then dissociates and HCO3- leaves the cell

101
Q

What happens to H+ ions once HCO3- leaves RBC?

A

combines with haemoglobin to make haemoglobnic acid

haemoglobin is a buffer

102
Q

How does carbon dioxide make haemoglobin release oxygen?

A

cause H+ acidity which changes the tertiary structure of haemoglobin and reduces its affinity for oxygen -BOHR SHIFT

103
Q

Define carbonic anhydrase

A

the enzyme that catalyses the combination of carbon dioxide and water

104
Q

Define chloride shift

A

the movement of chloride ions into erythrocytes to balance the charge as hydrogencarbonate ions leave the cell

105
Q

Define Bohr effect

A

the effect that extra carbon dioxide has on the haemoglobin, explaining the release of more oxygen

106
Q

Define haemoglobnic acid

A

the compound formed by the buffering action of haemoglobin as it combines with excess hydrogen ions

107
Q

Describe a double, closed circulatory system in terms of systematic and pulmonary circulation

A

systematic - higher pressure

pulmonary - lower pressure

108
Q

What is the inferior vena cava?

A

vein that carries deoxygenated blood from lower and middle body to right atrium

109
Q

What is the superior vena cava?

A

vein that carries deoxygenated blood from upper body to right atrium

Biology AS Rafa (13 decks)

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