3.2 Transport In Animals Flashcards
1
Q
Define double circulatory system
A
One in which blood flows through the heart twice for each circuit of the body
2
Q
Transport
A
The movement of substances such as oxygen, nutrients, hormones, waste and heat around the body.
3
Q
What are the factors that influence the need for a transport system.
A
Size
Surface area to volume ratio
Level of metabolic activity
4
Q
Arteries
A
Vessels that carry blood away from the heart
5
Q
Arterioles
A
Small blood vessels that distribute blood from an artery to the capillaries.
6
Q
Capillaries
A
Very small vessels with very thin walls
7
Q
Closed circulatory system
A
One in which the blood is held in vessels
8
Q
Open circulatory systems
A
One in which the blood is not held in vessels
9
Q
Veins
A
Vessels that carry blood back to the heart
10
Q
Venules
A
Small blood vessels that collect blood from capillaries and lead into the veins.
11
Q
What does an effective transport system include
A
Fluid
Pump
Exchange surfaces
12
Q
What does an efficient transport system include?
A
Tubes or vessels to carry blood by mass flow
Two circuits
13
Q
What is the route of a single circulatory system
A
Heart
Gills
Body
Heart
14
Q
What is he route of a double circulatory system?
A
Heart Body Heart Lungs Heart
15
Q
What are disadvantages of a single circulatory system?
A
Blood pressure drops as blood passes through tiny capillaries of fish
Does not flow quickly
Rate is limited
May be affected by body movements
16
Q
In insects, how does blood enter the heart and how is it pumped around the body?
A
Through small pores called ostia and by peristalsis
some have tubular heart
17
Q
Structure of arteries and veins
A
Lumen Endothelium Elastic fibres Smooth muscle Collagen fibres
18
Q
What does the tunica intima of arteries consist of?
A
Elastic tissue which allows the wall to recoil to maintain blood pressure
19
Q
What does the tunica media of arteries consist of?
A
Thick layer of smooth muscle
20
Q
What does the tunica adventitia consist of?
A
Thick layer of collagen and elastic tissues
Strength for high pressure and recoil
21
Q
How are capillaries specialised?
A
Narrow so red blood cell squeezed against the wall
Single layer of flattened endothelial cells
The walls are leaky
22
Q
Define blood
A
The fluid used to transport materials around the body
23
Q
Define hydrostatic pressure
A
The pressure that a fluid exerts when pushing against the sides of a vessel or container
24
Q
define lymph
A
The fluid held in the lymphatic system, which is a system of tubes that returns the excess tissue fluid to the blood system
25
Define oncotic pressure
The pressure created by the osmotic effects of the solutes
26
Define plasma
The fluid portion of the blood
27
Define tissue fluid
The fluid surrounding the cells and tissues
28
Scientific name for white blood cells
Leucocytes
29
Define atrioventricular valve
Valves between the Syria and the ventricles, which ensure that the blood flows in the correct direction
30
Define cardiac muscle
Specialised muscle found in the walls of the heart chambers
31
Define semilunar valves
Valves that prevent blood re entering the heart from the arteries
32
Define cardiac cycle
The sequence of events in one full beat of the heart
33
Define bradycardia
A slow heart rhythm
34
Define ectopic heartbeat
And extra beat or an early beat of the ventricles
35
Define electrocardiogram
A trace that records the electrical activity of the heart
36
Define fibrillation
Uncoordinated contractions of the atria and the ventricles
37
Define myogenic muscle
Muscle that can initiate its own contraction
38
Define purkyne tissue
Consists of specially adapted muscle fibres that conduct the wave of excitation from the AVN down the septum to the ventricles
39
Define sino-atrial node (SAN)
The hearts pacemaker. It is a small patch of tissue that sends out waves of electrical excitation at regular intervals in order to initiate contractions
40
Define tachycardia
A rapid heart rhythm
41
Define affinity
A strong attraction
42
Define dissociation
Releasing oxygen from oxyhemoglobin
43
Feral haemoglobin
The type of haemoglobin usually found only in the fetus
44
Define haemoglobin
The red pigment used to transport oxygen in the blood
45
How is tissue fluid formed?
By plasma leaking out from the capillaries.
46
Which fluids have low hydrostatic pressure?
Tissue and lymph
47
Why fluids have high hydrostatic pressure?
Blood plasma
48
What cells does blood plasma consist of?
Rbc, neutrophils and lymphocytes
49
What cells does tissue fluid have?
Some neutrophils in infected areas
50
Which does does lymph have?
Lymphocytes.
51
Which proteins do the fluids have?
Blood plasma has plasma proteins.
| Tissue fluid and lymph have few proteins.
52
How do the fluids transport fats?
Blood plasma as lipoproteins
Tissue fluid few fats
Lymph more days near digestive system
53
Differences in oncotic pressure between fluids?
Plasma- more negative
| Tissue fluid and lymph -less negative
54
What is aninga?
Chest pain and tightness when the heart isn't receiving enough oxygen.
55
What is thee fancy name for a heart attack?
Myocardial infarction
56
What do tendinous cords do?
Prevent valves from Turning inside out when the ventricle walls contact.
57
How does cardiac muscle contact at the same time?
Branched structure of fibres with cross bridges
| Intercalated discs
58
Define carbonic anhydrase
The enzyme that catalyses the combination of carbon dioxide and water
59
What is the chloride shift
The movement of chloride ions into the erythrocytes to balance the charge as hydrogencarbonate ions leave the cell
60
What is the Bohr effect?
The effect that an extra carbon dioxide has on the haemoglobin, explaining the release of more oxygen.
61
What is haemoglobnic acid?
The compound formed by the buffering action of haemoglobin as it combines with excess hydrogen ions.
62
Which side of the heart is bigger?
Left
63
Three ways carbon dioxide is transported
Dissolved directly in plasma
Carbaminohaemoglobin
Hydrogencarbonate ions
64
Steps of transporting carbon dioxide in a red blood cell
Carbon dioxide and water form carbonic acid
Dissociates
Hydrogen ions produce haemoglobnic acid
65
Disadvantages of an open circulatory system
- low pressure, slow flow
| - movement affects flow
66
Why are double circulatory systems good?
- blood pressure cannot be high when passing through capillary beds
- double circulation allows blood to be repressurised before it reaches the bidy
- this allows delivery of O2 etc much quicker
67
Features of arteries
- small lumen
- smooth walls
- wall is folded to allow for changes in blood flow
- thin layer of elastic tissue
- smooth muscle
- thick layer of collagen and elastic tissue
68
Vessels with highest and lowest blood pressure?
- arteries
- arteroiles
- capillaries
- venules
- veins
69
What does the arteriole wall consist of?
Layer of smooth muscle which can contract to constrict the diameter to divert the blood to more active tissues
70
What does the venule wall consist of?
thin layers of muscle and elastic tissue outside the endothelium, and a thin outer layer of collagen
71
What does blood plasma contain?
- O2
- CO2
- minerals
- glucose
- amino acids
- hormones
- plasma proteins
72
How do the substituents of tissue fluid differ from the substituents of blood plasma?
- no cells
| - no plasma proteins
73
How is tissue fluid formed?
At the arterial end of a capillary, the blood is at a high hydrostatic pressure
this pushes blood fluids out of capillary wall
74
Where is tissue fluid formed?
In the capillary bed
75
What happens to the tissue fluid that does not renter the blood?
directed into the lymph/lymphatic system
76
What does the lymph system do?
Drains excess tissue fluid out of tissues and returns it to the blood system via the subclavian vein in the chest
77
What types of pressure are involved in the formation of the tissue fluid?
Hydrostatic pressure and osmotic (oncotic) pressure
78
What cells can be found in the blood?
erythrocytes
leucocytes
platelets
79
What cells can be found in the tissue fluid?
some leucocytes
80
What cells can be found in lymph fluid?
lymphocytes
81
What proteins can be found in the blood?
hormones and plasma proteins
82
What proteins can be found in tissue fluid?
some hormones, proteins secreted by body cells
83
What proteins can be found in the lymph?
few proteins
84
CO2 level comparison between blood, tissue fluid and lymph?
blood= less
tissue fluid = more
lymph = more
85
Amino acid level comparison between blood, tissue fluid and lymph?
blood = more
tissue fluid = less
lymph = less
86
Oxygen level comparison between blood, tissue fluid and lymph?
blood = more
tissue fluid = less
lymph = less
87
Fat comparison between blood, tissue fluid and lymph?
blood = lipoproteins
tissue fluid = few fats
lymph = more fats (especially near digestive system)
88
Comparison of HP between blood, TF and lymph?
```
blood = high
TF = low
lymph = low
```
89
Comparison of OP between blood, TF and lymph?
```
blood = more negative
TF = less negative
lymph = less negative
```
90
What is cardiac output?
How much blood the heart can pump in a certain amount of time
91
Equation for cardiac output?
stroke volume (how much blood left ventricle moves per heart beat) x heart rate
92
What is stroke volume?
How much blood the left ventricle moves per heart beat
93
Define affinity
a strong attraction
94
Define dissociation
releasing oxygen from oxyhaemoglobin
95
Define fetal haemoglobin
the type of haemoglobin usually found only in the foetus
96
Define haemoglobin
the red pigment used to transport oxygen in the blood
97
What determines if oxygen associates or disassociates with haemoglobin
the concentration of O2 in surrounding tissues
98
Difference between fetal and adult haemoglobin?
fetal haemoglobin has a higher affinity to oxygen than adult haemoglobin
the dissociation curve is to the left
because must be able to associate with oxygen in an environment where the oxygen tension is low enough to make the adult haemoglobin release oxygen
99
Three ways carbon dioxide is transported?
- dissolved in plasma (5%)
- carbaminohaemoglobin (10%)
- hydrogen carbonate ions (85%)
100
What happens to CO2 once it enters the RBC?
combines with H2O via carbonic anhydrase to make carbonic acid which then dissociates and HCO3- leaves the cell
101
What happens to H+ ions once HCO3- leaves RBC?
combines with haemoglobin to make haemoglobnic acid
| haemoglobin is a buffer
102
How does carbon dioxide make haemoglobin release oxygen?
cause H+ acidity which changes the tertiary structure of haemoglobin and reduces its affinity for oxygen -BOHR SHIFT
103
Define carbonic anhydrase
the enzyme that catalyses the combination of carbon dioxide and water
104
Define chloride shift
the movement of chloride ions into erythrocytes to balance the charge as hydrogencarbonate ions leave the cell
105
Define Bohr effect
the effect that extra carbon dioxide has on the haemoglobin, explaining the release of more oxygen
106
Define haemoglobnic acid
the compound formed by the buffering action of haemoglobin as it combines with excess hydrogen ions
107
Describe a double, closed circulatory system in terms of systematic and pulmonary circulation
systematic - higher pressure
| pulmonary - lower pressure
108
What is the inferior vena cava?
vein that carries deoxygenated blood from lower and middle body to right atrium
109
What is the superior vena cava?
vein that carries deoxygenated blood from upper body to right atrium
