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A-level Biology > (4.2) Biodiversity > Flashcards

(4.2) Biodiversity Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the 3 different levels of biodiversity?

A
  • Genetic
  • Habitat
  • Species
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2
Q

What is genetic biodiversity?

A

Variation between individuals belonging to the same species by looking at alleles

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3
Q

How is genetic biodiversity measured?

A

You look at the polymorphic gene loci
e.g. 1000/20,000 = 1/20 = 5%

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4
Q

What is habitat biodiversity?

A

The range of habitats in an ecosystem e.g. woodland, pond, grass

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5
Q

What is species biodiversity?

A

Richness and Evenness (The amazon has species evenness and richness)

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6
Q

What is species evenness?

A

How evenly represented a species is within an ecosystem (e.g. percentage distribution)

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7
Q

What is species richness?

A

The number of species within an ecosystem

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8
Q

How is species richness and evenness measured?

A

The simpsons index of biodiversity

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9
Q

What is the N in the simpson’s index of biodiversity?

A

Total number of animals or 100%

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10
Q

What is the n in the simpson’s index of biodiversity?

A

Number of animals in a species or % cover of a species

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11
Q

What are the different ways of sampling plants?

A
  • Random
  • Non-random
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12
Q

How can you sample plants randomly and what are the advantages/disadvantages?

A
  • random throwing of quadrats (possibility of bias)
  • Using a random number generator to generate coordinates (avoids bias but may miss parts of a habitat, underestimating level of biodiversity)
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13
Q

What are the different types of non-random sampling?

A
  • Opportunistic
  • Stratified
  • Systematic
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14
Q

What is opportunistic sampling?

A
  • look at previous knowledge
  • look at areas with a specific species
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15
Q

What are the advantages of opportunistic sampling?

A

Quick and easy

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16
Q

What are the disadvantages of opportunistic sampling?

A
  • May be unconsciously biased e.g. attracted to more colourful/interesting areas
  • Leads to overestimate of importance and biodiverity
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17
Q

What are polymorphic gene loci?

A

Have more than 2 alleles at a locus increasing genetic diversity

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18
Q

What is stratified sampling?

A

Dividing the ecosystem into different zones (habitats) and proportionately measuring with quadrats according to the abundance of the habitat within the ecosystem

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19
Q

What are the advantages of stratified sampling?

A
  • All areas of the habitat are sampled
  • No species is underrepresented
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20
Q

What are the disadvantages of stratified sampling?

A
  • May lead to overrepresented in some areas of the sample
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21
Q

What is systematic sampling?

A

Taking samples at fixed intervals along a belt and line transect

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22
Q

What is a line transect?

A

Placing the line (normally a tape measure) and recording all the species touching the line

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23
Q

What is a belt transect?

A

Placing the line (normally a tape measure) then placing a quadrat along the line and recording all species within the quadrat

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24
Q

What is normally used to measure biodiversity of plants?

A

Quadrats

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25
Q

What is the difference between an interrupted and a continuous belt transect?

A
  • Continuous is flipping the quadrat along the line so no area is missed
  • Interrupted is picking the quadrat up and moving it to different intervals along the line
26
Q

What is a pooter?

A

A jar with two straws used to suck up bugs from the ground

27
Q

What is a pitfall trap?

A
  • digging a hole and placing a container in it so that insects fall in
  • sometimes placing leaves over the surface to it is unsuspecting
28
Q

What is a sweep net?

A

A net used to collect insects across long grass

29
Q

What is a tullgren funnel?

A

A light trap that can be used to attract insects at night with an ultraviolet light. Under this there is a collecting vessel containing alcohol which insects eventually fall in and die.

30
Q

What are the benefits of a pitfall trap and a sweep net?

A

The insects can live and can use the capture recapture method to estimate the size of population

31
Q

What is the calculation for polymorphic gene loci?

A

proportion of polymorphic gene loci =
number of polymorphic gene loci
————————————————–
total number of loci

32
Q

What is the equation for capture recapture?

A 
C3
33
Q

What is C1 in the equation for capture recapture?

A

Size of first catch

34
Q

What is C2 in the equation for capture recapture?

A

Size of second catch

35
Q

What is C3 in the equation for capture recapture?

A

Number of animals marked in the 2nd catch

36
Q

What are the benefits of biodiversity?

A
  • aesthetic
  • ecological
  • economic
37
Q

What are the ecological benefits of biodiversity?

A
  • interdependence - ecosystems are complex systems and can become unstable when species are removed - if they are more stable means they are more resilient e.g. to climate change
  • Key stone species
38
Q

What are examples of key stone species?

A
  • Wolves in yellowstone
  • Beavers - they are ecosystme engineers
39
Q

What is a key stone species?

A

A species that has a disproportionate effect on an ecosystem

40
Q

What are the economic benefits of biodiversity?

A

They provide ecosystem services

41
Q

What are ecosystem services?

A

Things that would cost lots of money if the ecosystems weren’t doing it for us

42
Q

What are examples of ecosystem services?

A
  • atmosphere cleaning
  • fresh water due to purification
  • soil formation
  • pollination
  • nutrients recycling
  • oxygen
  • flood prevention - beavers slow water movement down
43
Q

What effects biodiverity?

A
  • human population
  • agriculture
  • climate change
  • extinction
44
Q

How does human population affect biodiversity?

A
  • more buildings/houses
  • infrastructure
  • pollution
  • deforestation
  • energy demands
45
Q

How does agriculture affect biodiversity?

A
  • crops and feed for animals creating monoculture
  • chemicals - e.g. fertilisers and pesticides
46
Q

How does climate change affect biodiversity?

A
  • from humans desire for energy
  • CO2 and methane
  • Makes habitats hotter and drier e.g. australian fires
  • weather patterns change
  • barriers to migration
47
Q

What is ex situ?

A

Done in a human built place/shelter and is confined

48
Q

What are examples of ex situ conservation?

A
  • zoos
  • botanical gardens
  • seed banks
49
Q

What are the advantages of ex situ conservation?

A
  • protection
  • monitored
  • creates breeding programmes
  • research
  • education
50
Q

What are the disadvantages of ex situ conservation?

A
  • low biodiversity
  • abnormal behaviour
  • ultimately temporary
51
Q

What is in situ conservation?

A

Done in the wild/a natural environment
e.g. wildlife reserves

52
Q

What is examples of wildlife reserves?

A
  • national parks e.g. the lake district
  • national nature reserves
  • sites of special scientific research
  • marine conservation zones
53
Q

Why do in situ and ex situ conservation rely on each other?

A
  • conservation of in situ and ex situ techniques leads to success
  • species become endangered due to a threat and a threat may still be present during in situ conservation and numbers can be increased in ex situ which allows introduction into the wild
  • in situ conservation helps research for ex situ attempts
54
Q

What is needed to be considered when setting up a wildlife reserve?

A
  • Is it comprehensive? e.g. is it the correct types of habitat
  • Is the size adequate for the territory of animals?
  • Is it representative of a natural environment?
  • Are the migration corridors correct?
55
Q

What is the difference between conservation and preservation?

A

Preservation involves no human interference e.g. a fenced off area, where as conservation involved active management with no human influence.

56
Q

What are the two international laws of conservation?

A
  • CITES
  • The Rio convention on biological diversity
57
Q

What is CITES?

A
  • Convention on international trade in endangered species
  • Regulates trade e.g. can’t trade ivory as it comes from elephant poaching
58
Q

What is the Rio Convention on biological diversity?

A

Encourages sustainable biodiversity

59
Q

What is the UK law involving conservation?

A

Countryside stewardship scheme

60
Q

What is the countryside stewardship scheme?

A
  • farmers can claim money to farm more sustainably
  • e.g. using hedgerows instead of fences as animals can live in hedge rows

A-level Biology (23 decks)

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