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A-level Biology > 2.1 Cell structure > Flashcards

2.1 Cell structure Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the structure of the nucleus?

A
  • Surrounded by a double membrane (nuclear envelope)
  • Chromatin consists of DNA wound around histone proteins
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2
Q

What is the structure of the nucleus?

A
  • Nuclear envelope separates contents of the nucleus from the cell
  • Pores enable larger substances (mRNA) to leave the nucleus
  • Inner/outer membranes fuse together so some dissolved substances can enter
  • Chromosomes contain genes
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3
Q

What is the structure of the nucleolus?

A
  • No membrane
  • Contains RNA
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4
Q

What is the structure of the rough endoplasmic reticulum?

A
  • System of membranes
  • Fluid filled cavities
  • Continuous with the nuclear membrane
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5
Q

What is the function of the rough endoplasmic reticulum?

A
  • Intracellular transport system
  • Cisternae forms channels for transport
  • Large surface area for ribosomes
  • Proteins pass through to cisternae and transported to golgi apparatus
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6
Q

What is the structure of the smooth endoplasmic reticullum?

A
  • System of membranes containing fluid filled cavities
  • No ribosomes
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7
Q

What is the functions of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum?

A
  • Contains enzymes to catalyse reactions for lipid metabolism
  • Used for the absorption, transport and synthesis of lipids
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8
Q

What is the structure of the Golgi apparatus?

A
  • stack of membrane bounded flattened sacs
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9
Q

What are the functions of the Golgi Apparatus?

A
  • Modify proteins (adding sugars, adding lipids, folding into a 3d shape)
  • Package proteins into vesicles and pinched off (stored in cell, moved to plasma membrane, incorporated into or exported out of the cell)
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10
Q

What is the structure of the mitochondria?

A
  • spherical/rod shape
  • 2 membranes with a fluid filled gap
  • inner membrane folded into cristae
  • inner part is a fluid filled matrix
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11
Q

What is the function of the mitochondria?

A
  • site of ATP during aerobic respiration
  • self replicating
  • where metabolic energy takes place
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12
Q

What is ATP?

A

energy currency

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13
Q

What is the structure of the chloroplast?

A
  • Only in plant cells
  • double membrane/envelope
  • inner membrane with stacks of flattened membrane sacs called thylakoids containing chlorophyll
  • contains loops of DNA and starch grains
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14
Q

What is a granum?

A

Stacks of thylakoids

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15
Q

What is a stroma?

A

Fluid filled matrix in the chloroplasts

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16
Q

What is the function of the chloroplast?

A
  • site of photosynthesis
  • light trapped by chlorophyll to make ATP and water
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17
Q

What is the structure of the vacuole?

A
  • surrounded by a membrane called a tonoplast
  • contains fluid
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18
Q

What is the function of the vacuole?

A
  • only plant cells
  • filled with water and solutes
  • maintains stability
  • when full pushes against cell wall to make it turgid
  • supports plant in non-woody areas
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19
Q

What is the structure of lysosomes?

A
  • small bags
  • formed from golgi apparatus
  • contains hydrolytic enzymes
  • lots in phagocytic cells
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20
Q

What are hydrolytic enzymes?

A

Digestive

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21
Q

What is the function of lysosomes?

A
  • keep powerful digestive enzymes from the rest of the cell
  • ingest foreign matter and return components for reuse
22
Q

What is the structure of the ribosome?

A
  • Small and spherical
  • made of RNA
  • made in nucleolus as 2 separate subunits and passed through the nuclear and cell cytoplasm where it combines
  • in cytoplasm of attached to rough endoplasmic reticulum
23
Q

What is the function of ribosomes on the RER?

A

Synthesise proteins

24
Q

What is the function of ribosomes in the cytoplasm?

A

Site of protein assembly

25
Q

What is the structure of the centrioles?

A
  • 2 bundles of microtubules at right angles
  • made of tubulin protein subunits
  • arranged in a cylinder
26
Q

What is the function of the centrioles?

A
  • Before cell division, spindles of tubulin threads form from centrioles (attach to chromosomes and pull apart with motor proteins during mitosis)
  • form undulipodia and cilia
27
Q

What is the structure of the cellulose cell wall?

A
  • Outside of plasma membrane
  • Bundles of cellulose fibres
28
Q

What is the function of the cellulose cell wall?

A
  • prevents plant cells bursting when turgid
  • provide support and strength
  • maintain cell shape
  • permeable (allows solutions to pass through)
29
Q

What are the 4 parts of the cytoskeleton?

A
  • microfilaments
  • intermediate filaments
  • microtubule
  • motor proteins
30
Q

Describe Microfilaments

A
  • subunits of actin
  • polymers
  • support
  • mechanical strength
  • allow cell movement
31
Q

Describe Microtubules

A
  • shape/support
  • help movement
  • track for motor proteins to travel along
  • form spindle before division
  • make up cilia, undulipodia and centriole
  • made of tubulin
32
Q

Describe Motor protiens

A
  • 3 different types - myosins, kinesins, dyneins
  • enzymes
  • allow hydrolysis
  • drag vesicles along the microtubules
33
Q

Describe Intermediate Filaments

A
  • variety of proteins
  • anchor nucleus
  • extend between cells in some tissues
  • enables cell to cell signalling
34
Q

Describe the steps for the translation and transcription of proteins

A
  • mRNA is made by creating a copy of the genes code
  • mRNA exits the nucleus through a nuclear pore
  • mRNA attaches to a ribosome where the information is processed and a protein is created (translation)
  • The protein is ‘‘pinched off’’ in vesicles and travels towards the golgi apparatus where it is modified
  • Vesicles are pinched off from the golgi apparatus with the modified protein and travels towards the plasma membrane
  • The vesicles fuses with the plasma membrane
  • Exocytosis takes place and the proteins are released into the blood and taken to where they need to be
35
Q

What are protrusions on a prokaryotic cell called?

A

Flagella

36
Q

What are protrusions on a eukaryotic cell called?

A

Cilia and Undulipodia

37
Q

Where are cilia found?

A

In the airways to the lungs in ciliated epithelial cells

38
Q

What are the similarities of Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic cells?

A
  • Have a plasma membrane, cytoplasm, DNA, ribosomes and RNA
39
Q

What are the differences of Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic cells?

A
  • Size (p smaller)
  • Development of the cytoplasm (e better)
  • Nucleus (p doesn’t have one)
  • Membrane bound organelles (p none)
  • What the walls are made of
  • Size of ribosomes (p smaller)
  • DNA
40
Q

What are the walls made of in a prokaryotic cell?

A

Peptidoglycan

41
Q

What are the walls made of in a eukaryotic cell?

A

Cellulose

42
Q

What is the DNA like in a prokaryotic cell?

A
  • Naked
  • Not round around histone proteins - just floats in cytoplasm
  • Circular
43
Q

What is the DNA like in a eukaryotic cell?

A
  • Wound around histone proteins
  • In Nucleus
  • Linear
44
Q

What do some prokaryotes also have?

A
  • protective waxy capsule around the cell wall
  • small loops of DNA (plasmids) along with large loops
  • flagella
  • pili (hair like protrusions
  • division of binary fission
45
Q

What is the endosymbiont theory?

A

Eukaryotic cell evolved from prokaryotic cells 1.5 to 2 billion years ago. This happened when some prokaryotes with infolded membranes were engulfed by other prokaryotes but not digested creating a double membrane structure.

46
Q

What is resolution?

A

The ability to distinguish between two separate points and enables to see things in greater detail

47
Q

What is magnification?

A

The number of times larger an image is compared to the original object

48
Q

How does a light microscope work?

A

Light from a mirror is reflected up through to a specimen into the lens producing a magnification

49
Q

What is the magnification of a light microscope?

A

x500-x1500

50
Q

What is the resolution of a light microscope?

A

Limited as can’t magnify while giving a detailed image

51
Q

How does the golgi apparatus modify proteins?

A
  • folding into 3D shapes
  • add lipids
  • add sugars

A-level Biology (23 decks)

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