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A-level Biology > (3.1) Exchange Surfaces > Flashcards

(3.1) Exchange Surfaces Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the need for exchange systems?

A
  • Take in oxygen
  • Get rid of waste
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2
Q

Where are the exchange systems in the human body?

A

Lungs and Intestines

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3
Q

What are the factors affecting the need for an exchange system?

A
  • SA:V ratio
  • Size and shape - e.g. flatworms are very thin and very long so have a very high surface are to volume ratio
  • rate of metabolic activity
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4
Q

What makes a good exchange system?

A
  • Large surface area
  • Short diffusion distances
  • Good blood supply
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5
Q

Where does gas exchange occur in the lungs?

A

At the respiratory bronchioles and alveoli

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6
Q

What is the benefit in an exchange system of a large surface area?

A

More space for diffusion

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7
Q

What is the benefit in an exchange system of short diffusion distances?

A

Diffusion happens quickly so more diffusion can take place

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8
Q

What is the benefit in an exchange system of a good blood supply?

A

A good blood supply means constant replacement of oxygen and carbon dioxide meaning a high concentration gradient is maintained

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9
Q

What is the structure of the trachea?

A

Rings of cartilage in C shapes to make sure the trachea is supported and stays open

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10
Q

Why are the rings of cartilage in the trachea C shaped?

A

To allow flexibility for chunks of food going down the oesophagus

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11
Q

What is the name of the muscles in the rib cage?

A

Intercostal

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12
Q

Describe the pathway of air in the lungs

A

Trachea —> bronchus —> bronchioles —> respiratory bronchioles —> alveoli

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13
Q

What are the respiratory bronchioles?

A

The ends of the bronchioles where there is no cartilage and where gaseous exchange takes place

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14
Q

What is the space between the diaphragm and the lungs called?

A

Plural space

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15
Q

Describe what a Bronchus cell looks like

A
  • goblet cells and epithelium cells on the outside to secrete and waft mucus up the airway
  • smooth muscle
  • connective tissues
  • small blood vessels
  • cartilagge
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16
Q

What is the role of smooth muscle?

A

To constrict the airways

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17
Q

What is connective tissue made of?

A

Elastic tissues and fibres

18
Q

Describe what a bronchioles cell looks like

A
  • alveolus wall on edge
  • smooth muscle rings
  • loose tissue
  • ciliated epithelium
  • cartilage (apart from at the respiratory bronchioles)
19
Q

What is happening when the smooth muscle constricts the airway?

A

The lumen is narrowing

20
Q

Describe what an alveoli looks like

A

Alveoli/air sacs have a network of capillaries over them. The outside cell is a squamous epithelium cell which is very thin so there are short diffusion distances

21
Q

Describe the process of inhalation/inflation of lungs

A
  • The diaphragm moves down due to the contraction of intercostal muscles
  • The contraction of the intercostal muscles cause the rib cage to move up
  • The movement of the diaphragm was causes and increase in volume
  • The increase in volume causes a decrease in pressure which drags air into the lungs
22
Q

Describe the process of exhalation/deflation of the lungs

A
  • The diaphragm moves up towards the lungs due to the relaxation of the intercostal muscles
  • The relaxation of the intercostal muscles causes the rib cage to move down
  • The movement of the diaphragm up decreases the volume
  • The decrease in volume causes an increase in pressure which causes air to be pushed out of the lungs
23
Q

Describe what is needed when using a spirometre

A
  • A healthy person
  • Sterile disposable mouthpiece
  • water chamber (not overfilled)
  • In the chamber of water, medical grade oxygen (to prevent hypoxia)
  • fresh soda lime (helps to absorb CO2 and prevent the air from becoming toxic - also shows oxygen intake by amount of CO2 absorbed)
24
Q

What is the process of how a spirometer works?

A
  • as the person breathes in air from the chamber decreasing pressure so the hinged lid moves down
  • as the person breathes back out the pressure increases again moving the hinged lid up
  • due to the pen on the hinged lid, a trace is drawn on a piece of paper creating a spirometer trace which is then turned upside down
25
Q

What is tidal volume?

A

Normal breath, usually at a rest

26
Q

What is residual volume?

A

The amount of air left in the lungs after forced exhalation

27
Q

What is vital capacity?

A

The range between maximum inhale and maximum exhale

28
Q

Why is total lung capacity hard to measure?

A

Due to the residual volume

29
Q

What can you calculate from a spirometer trace?

A

Oxygen uptake

30
Q

What things affect total lung capacity?

A
  • fitness and exercise
  • age, size, gender, height
31
Q

How do you calculate oxygen uptake?

A
  • Pick points that are easily recognisable
  • Calculate change in volume
  • Calculate change in time
32
Q

How do fish ventilate?

A
  • Through movement e.g. great whites are obligate ram ventilators - have to keep swimming
  • Open and closing of mouth
33
Q

What is special about a fish’s ventilation system?

A

It has a countercurrent flow

34
Q

Describe the flow of water through a fish’s exchange system?

A

Into the mouth/buccal cavity then over the gill arch and out of the perculum

35
Q

Describe the structure of the gill arches

A
  • 2 blood vessels one carrying oxygenated blood one carrying deoxygenated blood
  • Blood flows one way and water the other
36
Q

Why is countercurrent flow beneficial?

A

It maintains a concentration gradient the whole way along the gill arch, stopping equilibrium from being reached

37
Q

What type of circulatory system does an insect have?

A

Open circulatory system with no blood

38
Q

Describe the pathway of air within an insect

A

Spiracle —> Trachea —> Tracheoles —> Site of gas exchange

39
Q

What happens when an insect stops moving?

A

The tracheal fluid fills the trachea however when there is a high demand the tracheal fluid is withdrawn

40
Q

Do insects ventilate?

A
  • some extremely active insects can
  • some expand and contract body segments e.g. pump abdomen
  • sometimes flight muscles will ventilate
41
Q

What is special about a Locusts ventilation?

A

Can open and close spiracles

A-level Biology (23 decks)

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