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A-level Biology > (4.1) Communicable diseases > Flashcards

(4.1) Communicable diseases Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a pathogen?

A

A microorganism that causes disease

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2
Q

What are the 4 examples of pathogens?

A
  • Bacteria
  • Virus
  • Fungi
  • Protists
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3
Q

How are bacteria harmful?

A

Produces toxins and reproduces through binary fission

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4
Q

How does Cholera cause harm?

A

It’s toxins interfere with chloride ions

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5
Q

If the environment is optimum, how fast do bacteria reproduce?

A

Up to every 20 minutes

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6
Q

What type of bacteria is tuberculosis?

A

Mycobacterium

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7
Q

What is a mycobacterium?

A

A very small bacteria

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8
Q

What are 3 examples of diseases caused by bacteria?

A
  • Tuberculosis
  • Meningitis
  • Ringrot
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9
Q

How do viruses cause harm?

A

Takes over cells and reproduces inside of them

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10
Q

How does HIV cause harm?

A

Targets the nucleus of a cell

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11
Q

What are the 2 examples of viruses?

A
  • HIV
  • Tobacco Mosaic Virus
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12
Q

How do fungi spread?

A

Hyphae release extracellular enzymes and digest surfaces e.g. skin

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13
Q

What is a hyphae?

A

In fungi and are branching filaments

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14
Q

What do many hyphae make?

A

A mycelium

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15
Q

What are the 3 examples of fungi?

A
  • Athlete’s foot
  • Black Sigatoka (banana plants)
  • Ringworm
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16
Q

What are protists?

A

Complicated, single cell organisms

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17
Q

How do protists cause harm?

A

They enter the cell and feed on its contents

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18
Q

What are the 3 examples of protists?

A
  • Malaria
  • Potato/Tomato blight
  • Sleeping sickness
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19
Q

What are the different forms of transmission?

A
  • Direct contact
  • Exchange of fluids
  • Contamination
  • Airborne
  • Vector
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20
Q

What examples of disease are spread by direct contact?

A
  • Meningitis
  • Ringworm
  • Athletes foot
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21
Q

What is exchange of fluids?

A
  • Sex
  • Blood transfusions
  • Needles
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22
Q

What examples of disease are spread by exchange in fluid?

A

HIV

23
Q

How does contamination cause disease?

A

faecal-oral - faeces gets into the body orally e.g. unwashed food

24
Q

What are the 2 different types of airborne transmission?

A
  • Truly
  • Droplet
25
Q

What examples of disease are spread by truly airborne transmission?

A
  • Measles
  • Anthrax
26
Q

What examples of disease are spread by Vectors?

A

Maleria

27
Q

What is the R value?

A

The rate of transmission - amount of people you’re likely to infect if you have an illness

28
Q

What is the R0 value?

A

The natural/initial spread of disease without immunity

29
Q

What are the physical/passive plant defences?

A
  • cellulose
  • waxy cuticles
  • bark
  • stomata closing
  • callose
  • tyrose
30
Q

What is the role of callose?

A

A protein that blocks the phloem, specifically the sieve plates

31
Q

What is the role of tylose?

A

Blocks the xylem

32
Q

When are tylose and callose deposited?

A

When pathogens are detected

33
Q

How do pathogens normally spread through plants?

A

Through the vascular tissues

34
Q

What are the chemical defences of a plant?

A
  • terpenoids
  • phenols
  • alkaloids
  • defensins
  • hydrolytic enzymes
35
Q

What are examples of terpenoids?

A

Menthols and piney scents

36
Q

What are the primary defences of the human body?

A
  • The skin
  • Mucous membrane
  • Ear wax
  • Tears
  • Stomach acid
37
Q

How are tears a primary defence?

A

They contain lysozyme

38
Q

Describe how skin is a primary defence

A
  • contains keratin which makes it impermeable
  • when cut can clot due to an enzyme cascade
39
Q

What is keratin produced by?

A

Keritanocytes

40
Q

Describe the enzyme cascade

A

Collagen is exposed causing an enzyme cascade which turns fibrinogen into fibrin

41
Q

What does -ogen at the end of a molecule mean?

A

It represents the inactive form of a molecule

42
Q

What is underneath the mucous membrane and why?

A
  • A good supply - surveillance for the specific immune response
  • Patrolling macrophages
43
Q

Where are mucous membranes?

A

On exchange surfaces e.g. lungs and digestive system

44
Q

How is mucous produced?

A

By goblet cells

45
Q

What can the mucous membrane trigger?

A

Coughing and sneezing

46
Q

What is the role of the ciliated epithelial cells?

A

Waft pathogens up of the lungs that have been entrapped in mucous and then push it down into the stomach where it is destroyed by the stomach acid

47
Q

How often do ciliated epithelial cells waft?

A

11-12 times a second

48
Q

What is inflammation?

A

The direction of blood to infected and damaged areas. This causes vasodilation and moves neutrophils into the tissues.

49
Q

What does inflammation cause?

A

Secondary responses

50
Q

What are the 2 types of phagocytes?

A
  • Neutrophils
  • Macrophages
51
Q

What does a neutrophil look like?

A

Has a multilobed nucleus

52
Q

What does a red blood cell look like?

A

It is biconcave

53
Q

What does a lymphocyte look like?

A

It has a large nucleus that nearly completely fills the cell

54
Q

Describe the process of Phagocytosis

A
  • The pathogen binds to either antibodies of through PAMP
  • The neutrophil engulfs the pathogen
  • Lysosomes fuse with the pathogen and create a phagolysosome
  • The Lysosomes digest the pathogen into amino acids and proteins, all good nutrients is absorbed by the cell

A-level Biology (23 decks)

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