4.1 Communicable diseases and immunity

Question 1

What happens when a pathogen enters your body?

Answer 1

Mast cells are activated

Question 2

What is released when mast cells are activated?

Answer 2

Histamines
Cytokines

Question 3

What do Histamines do the body?

Answer 3

Dilate blood vessels
Make blood vessels more leaky

Question 4

What happens to the body when the blood vessels are dilated and what does it cause?

Answer 4

Heat and redness causing pathogen production to slow down

Question 5

What happens to the body when the blood vessels become ‘more leaky’?

Answer 5

More tissue fluid is made and there are more chemicals to the area meaning more white blood cells. The physical effects are pain and swelling

Question 6

What do cytokines do to the body?

Answer 6

attract phagocytes

Question 7

What are the two types of phagocytes?

Answer 7

Neutrophils
Macrophages

Question 8

What are the differences between macrophages and neutrophils?

Answer 8

Nucleus - Macrophages round, Neutrophils lobed

Question 9

How are cells tagged for phagocytosis?

Answer 9

Opsonins (antibodies)

Question 10

What kind of phagocytes engulf pathogens?

Answer 10

Macrophages

Question 11

What happens to a pathogen once it is engulfed?

Answer 11

It is packaged into a vesicle

Question 12

What is the name of a vesicle containing a pathogen?

Answer 12

Phagosome

Question 13

What happens to the phagosome inside the cell?

Answer 13

Is merged with the lysosome so it it can be digested with the strong digestive enzymes. All of the pathogen is digested apart from the antigens

Question 14

What happens to the undigested antigens in phagocytosis?

Answer 14

They are put on the outside of the cell

Question 15

How are T helper cells activated?

Answer 15

They have a CD4 receptor that recognises the undigested antigens on the macrophage and is then activated

Question 16

What do T helper cells release?

Answer 16

Interleukins

Question 17

What do interleukins do?

Answer 17

Signal other cells

Question 18

What happens when T helper cells are activated?

Answer 18

Start mitosis

Question 19

When they are replicating what do T helper cells replicate into?

Answer 19

T killer
T resistant
T memory

Question 20

What is the job of T killer cells and how do they carry it out?

Answer 20

They kill pathogens by releasing perforin and H2O2

Question 21

What does perforin do?

Answer 21

Kills cell by puncturing holes in the cell membrane to damage integrity and allow the insides of the cell to ooze out

Question 22

What do T resistant cells do?

Answer 22

suppress the immune system to prevent autoimmunity

Question 23

What is autoimmunity?

Answer 23

When the cells begin to attack each other even though they are part of the same body

Question 24

What are T memory cells?

Answer 24

Allow immunological memory

Question 25

How are B cells activated?

Answer 25

Interleukins

Question 26

What is clonal selection?

Answer 26

An antigen presenting cell matches with the antibody on a B cell and then they are know as the B antigen presenting cell

Question 27

What is clonal expansion?

Answer 27

The B cell with the correct antibody divides to fight the pathogen

Question 28

What is the purpose of B memory cells?

Answer 28

Immunological memory

Question 29

What are B plasma cells?

Answer 29

Allow the quicker replication of B cells with the correct antibody

Question 30

What are antibodies also known as?

Answer 30

Immunogoblins

Question 31

How many antigens can on antibody join to?

Answer 31

2

Question 32

What are the two kinds of chain?

Answer 32

heavy and light

Question 33

How are the chains held together?

Answer 33

Disulfides bridges

Question 34

What are the two regions in an antibody?

Answer 34

Constant and Variable

Question 35

Where is the heavy chain?

Answer 35

On the inside

Question 36

Where is the light chain?

Answer 36

On the outside

Question 37

How many antigens can an antibody join to?

Answer 37

2

Question 38

What are the different ways an antibody can act?

Answer 38

Agglutins Oppsonins Antitoxins

Question 39

What is the function of an Agglutin?

Answer 39

Glue together pathogens to make them more accessible and noticeable for pahgocytosis

Question 40

What is the function of an oppsonin?

Answer 40

Tag pathogens

Question 41

What is the function of antitoxins?

Answer 41

To neutralise any toxins that may be released

Question 42

How do T resistant cells end the process of the auto immune system?

Answer 42

They kill all other white blood cells except for memory cells to stop them from attacking each other when they have killed all pathogens

Question 43

What are organisms that cause disease called?

Answer 43

Pathogens

Question 44

What is the organism in which a pathogen lives called?

Answer 44

A host

Question 45

How do pathogens live/survive?

Answer 45

By taking nutrition from the host

Question 46

What are the different organisms that can cause disease?

Answer 46

Bacteria Viruses Fungi Protoctista

Question 47

What kingdom do bacteria belong to?

Answer 47

Prokaryotae

Question 48

How do bacteria damage a host?

Answer 48

When they have entered the host they multiply rapidly and they damage cells by releasing waste products and toxins

Question 49

What do fungi cause disease in?

Answer 49

A variety in plant and animals

Question 50

How do fungi work?

Answer 50

They live on the skin of animal and its hyphae form a mycelium which grows under the skin's surface. The fungus can send out specialised reproductive hyphae which grow to the surface of the skin to release spores causing redness and irritation

Question 51

Where does fungus often live in plants?

Answer 51

Vascular tissue

Question 52

How do viruses work?

Answer 52

They invade cells and take over the genetic machinery and organelles of the cell. This causes the cell to manufacture more copies of the virus causing the host cell to eventually burst releasing more viruses to infect healthy cells

Question 53

How are protoctista causes?

Answer 53

By protoctists

Question 54

What are protoctists?

Answer 54

Animal hosts that spread from one person to another e.g. mosquitos

Question 55

What is an example of a diseases caused by bacteria?

Answer 55

Tuberculosis

Question 56

What is an example of a diseases caused by a Virus?

Answer 56

HIV/AIDS

Question 57

What is an example of a diseases caused by fungus?

Answer 57

Athlete's foot

Question 58

What is an example of a diseases caused by protoctista?

Answer 58

Malaria

Question 59

What are the different types of direct transmission (between animals)?

Answer 59

Physical contact (touching) Faecal-Oral transmission Droplet infection Spores

Question 60

What are factors that affect transmission?

Answer 60

Hygiene (regularly washing hands) Treatment of water (using sewage to fertilise crops is common in many parts of the world) Catch it - Bin it - Kill it Use of a mask

Question 61

What are social factors that affect transmission?

Answer 61

Overcrowding Poor ventilation Poor health Poor diet Homelessness Being around people who have migrated from places where the disease is common

Question 62

What is indirect transmission?

Answer 62

A vector

Question 63

How can plant pathogens be spread?

Answer 63

Through soil - entering the roots In the wind - fungi pores Insects - acts as a vector

Question 64

What are ideal conditions for most diseases?

Answer 64

Warm and moist

Question 65

What can damage and kill pathogens?

Answer 65

Cold winter weather