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A-level Biology > 4.1 Communicable diseases and immunity > Flashcards

4.1 Communicable diseases and immunity Flashcards

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1
Q

What happens when a pathogen enters your body?

A

Mast cells are activated

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2
Q

What is released when mast cells are activated?

A

Histamines
Cytokines

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3
Q

What do Histamines do the body?

A

Dilate blood vessels
Make blood vessels more leaky

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4
Q

What happens to the body when the blood vessels are dilated and what does it cause?

A

Heat and redness causing pathogen production to slow down

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5
Q

What happens to the body when the blood vessels become ‘more leaky’?

A

More tissue fluid is made and there are more chemicals to the area meaning more white blood cells. The physical effects are pain and swelling

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6
Q

What do cytokines do to the body?

A

attract phagocytes

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7
Q

What are the two types of phagocytes?

A

Neutrophils
Macrophages

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8
Q

What are the differences between macrophages and neutrophils?

A

Nucleus - Macrophages round, Neutrophils lobed

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9
Q

How are cells tagged for phagocytosis?

A

Opsonins (antibodies)

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10
Q

What kind of phagocytes engulf pathogens?

A

Macrophages

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11
Q

What happens to a pathogen once it is engulfed?

A

It is packaged into a vesicle

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12
Q

What is the name of a vesicle containing a pathogen?

A

Phagosome

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13
Q

What happens to the phagosome inside the cell?

A

Is merged with the lysosome so it it can be digested with the strong digestive enzymes. All of the pathogen is digested apart from the antigens

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14
Q

What happens to the undigested antigens in phagocytosis?

A

They are put on the outside of the cell

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15
Q

How are T helper cells activated?

A

They have a CD4 receptor that recognises the undigested antigens on the macrophage and is then activated

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16
Q

What do T helper cells release?

A

Interleukins

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17
Q

What do interleukins do?

A

Signal other cells

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18
Q

What happens when T helper cells are activated?

A

Start mitosis

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19
Q

When they are replicating what do T helper cells replicate into?

A

T killer
T resistant
T memory

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20
Q

What is the job of T killer cells and how do they carry it out?

A

They kill pathogens by releasing perforin and H2O2

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21
Q

What does perforin do?

A

Kills cell by puncturing holes in the cell membrane to damage integrity and allow the insides of the cell to ooze out

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22
Q

What do T resistant cells do?

A

suppress the immune system to prevent autoimmunity

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23
Q

What is autoimmunity?

A

When the cells begin to attack each other even though they are part of the same body

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24
Q

What are T memory cells?

A

Allow immunological memory

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25
Q

How are B cells activated?

A

Interleukins

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26
Q

What is clonal selection?

A

An antigen presenting cell matches with the antibody on a B cell and then they are know as the B antigen presenting cell

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27
Q

What is clonal expansion?

A

The B cell with the correct antibody divides to fight the pathogen

28
Q

What is the purpose of B memory cells?

A

Immunological memory

29
Q

What are B plasma cells?

A

Allow the quicker replication of B cells with the correct antibody

30
Q

What are antibodies also known as?

A

Immunogoblins

31
Q

How many antigens can on antibody join to?

A

2

32
Q

What are the two kinds of chain?

A

heavy and light

33
Q

How are the chains held together?

A

Disulfides bridges

34
Q

What are the two regions in an antibody?

A

Constant and Variable

35
Q

Where is the heavy chain?

A

On the inside

36
Q

Where is the light chain?

A

On the outside

37
Q

How many antigens can an antibody join to?

A

2

38
Q

What are the different ways an antibody can act?

A

Agglutins
Oppsonins
Antitoxins

39
Q

What is the function of an Agglutin?

A

Glue together pathogens to make them more accessible and noticeable for pahgocytosis

40
Q

What is the function of an oppsonin?

A

Tag pathogens

41
Q

What is the function of antitoxins?

A

To neutralise any toxins that may be released

42
Q

How do T resistant cells end the process of the auto immune system?

A

They kill all other white blood cells except for memory cells to stop them from attacking each other when they have killed all pathogens

43
Q

What are organisms that cause disease called?

A

Pathogens

44
Q

What is the organism in which a pathogen lives called?

A

A host

45
Q

How do pathogens live/survive?

A

By taking nutrition from the host

46
Q

What are the different organisms that can cause disease?

A

Bacteria
Viruses
Fungi
Protoctista

47
Q

What kingdom do bacteria belong to?

A

Prokaryotae

48
Q

How do bacteria damage a host?

A

When they have entered the host they multiply rapidly and they damage cells by releasing waste products and toxins

49
Q

What do fungi cause disease in?

A

A variety in plant and animals

50
Q

How do fungi work?

A

They live on the skin of animal and its hyphae form a mycelium which grows under the skin’s surface. The fungus can send out specialised reproductive hyphae which grow to the surface of the skin to release spores causing redness and irritation

51
Q

Where does fungus often live in plants?

A

Vascular tissue

52
Q

How do viruses work?

A

They invade cells and take over the genetic machinery and organelles of the cell. This causes the cell to manufacture more copies of the virus causing the host cell to eventually burst releasing more viruses to infect healthy cells

53
Q

How are protoctista causes?

A

By protoctists

54
Q

What are protoctists?

A

Animal hosts that spread from one person to another e.g. mosquitos

55
Q

What is an example of a diseases caused by bacteria?

A

Tuberculosis

56
Q

What is an example of a diseases caused by a Virus?

A

HIV/AIDS

57
Q

What is an example of a diseases caused by fungus?

A

Athlete’s foot

58
Q

What is an example of a diseases caused by protoctista?

A

Malaria

59
Q

What are the different types of direct transmission (between animals)?

A

Physical contact (touching)
Faecal-Oral transmission
Droplet infection
Spores

60
Q

What are factors that affect transmission?

A

Hygiene (regularly washing hands)
Treatment of water (using sewage to fertilise crops is common in many parts of the world)
Catch it - Bin it - Kill it
Use of a mask

61
Q

What are social factors that affect transmission?

A

Overcrowding
Poor ventilation
Poor health
Poor diet
Homelessness
Being around people who have migrated from places where the disease is common

62
Q

What is indirect transmission?

A

A vector

63
Q

How can plant pathogens be spread?

A

Through soil - entering the roots
In the wind - fungi pores
Insects - acts as a vector

64
Q

What are ideal conditions for most diseases?

A

Warm and moist

65
Q

What can damage and kill pathogens?

A

Cold winter weather

A-level Biology (23 decks)

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