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A-level Biology > 2.1 Cell Structure (spec) > Flashcards

2.1 Cell Structure (spec) Flashcards

1
Q

What are the advantages of a optical microscope?

A

Cheap
Easy
Portable
Study whole living species

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2
Q

What is the magnification of a optical microscope?

A

X1500 to X2000

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3
Q

What is the resolution of a optical microscope?

A

Limited

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4
Q

What is visible with a optical microscope?

A

Mitochondria
Chloroplasts
Bacteria

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5
Q

How does an optical microscope work?

A

Light is reflected from a mirror onto the specimen

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6
Q

What are the advantages of a laser scanning microscope?

A

Selective depth
Eliminates a background

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7
Q

What is the magnification of a laser scanning microscope?

A

X1000

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8
Q

What is the resolution of a laser scanning microscope?

A

High (with contrast)

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9
Q

What is visible with a laser scanning microscope?

A

Whole live specimens
Cells
Eyes (medical scanning)

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10
Q

How does a laser scanning microscope work?

A

Laser scans an object point by point and assembles on a computer screen

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11
Q

What are the advantages of a transmission electron microscope?

A

Magnifies to a high degree
Good resolution

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12
Q

What is the magnification of a transmission electron microscope?

A

X2 million

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13
Q

What is the resolution of a transmission electron microscope?

A

High

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14
Q

What are the disadvantages of a transmission electron microscope?

A

Expensive
Dead specimens only
Needs training
2D
Black and white

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15
Q

What is visible with a transmission electron microscope?

A

Cell wall
Ribosomes
Nucleus
Vacuole
Thin specimens

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16
Q

How does a transmission electron microscope work?

A

A beam of electron passes through a specimen stained with metal salts

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17
Q

What are the advantages of a scanning electron microscope?

A

3D images
Can colour on a software
Chemical analysis

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18
Q

What is the magnification of a scanning electron microscope?

A

X15 to X200,000

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19
Q

What is the resolution of a scanning electron microscope?

A

High 3D

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20
Q

What is visible with a scanning electron microscope?

A

Shape of cell structures
Atoms
Chemical bonds

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21
Q

What are the disadvantages of a scanning electron microscope?

A

Specimens must be coated with a fine film
Colour is false
Expensive
Large

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22
Q

Why do we stain specimens?

A

Provide contrast
More detail
See specific organisms

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23
Q

What is an all purpose stain?

A

Methylene blue

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24
Q

What is the job of the stain Acetin Orcerin?

A

Binds to DNA and stains chromosomes dark red

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25
Q

What is the job of the stain Eosin?

A

To stain the cytoplasm

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26
Q

What is the job of the stain sudan red?

A

To stain lipids

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27
Q

What is the job of the stain potassium iodide?

A

Turns cellulose cell walls yellow and starch dark blue/black

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28
Q

What is the formula for magnification?

A

magnification = image/actual

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29
Q

How do you measure a microscopic image to use the magnification formula?

A

Measure widest part of leaf
Multiply by 1000 to μm
Put into the formula

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30
Q

What are the 3 different ways of observing a specimen?

A

Dehydrating
Embedding into wax
Using an instrument to make thin slices

31
Q

What is the structure of the nuclear envelope?

A

Double membrane
Pores

32
Q

What is the function of the nuclear envelope?

A

Separates the contents of the nucleus from the rest of the cell
Lets substances (mRNA) pass through pores

33
Q

What is the structure of the nucleolus?

A

Contains RNA

34
Q

What is the function of the nucleolus?

A

Makes ribosomes
Contains gene

35
Q

What is the structure of the nucleus?

A
  • nuclear envelope creating a double membrane structure
  • nucleolus with no membrane but contains RNA
  • Chromatin consisting of DNA wound around histone proteins
36
Q

What is the function of the nucleus?

A

Controls cell
Stores genome
Transmits genetic information
Instructions for protein synthesis

37
Q

What is the structure of the RER?

A

System of membrane filled cavities coated with ribosomes
Extension of the nuclear membrane

38
Q

What is the function of the RER?

A

Intracellular transport system
Provides a large surface area for ribosomes to assemble amino acids

39
Q

What is the structure of the SER?

A

System of fluid filled cavities without ribosomes

40
Q

What is the function of the SER?

A

Contains enzymes for lipid metabolism (for cholesterol, phospholipids and steroid hormones)
Absorption, Synthesis and transport of lipids

41
Q

What is the structure of the Golgi Apparatus?

A

Membrane-bound flattened sacs
Secretory vesicles bring/take materials

42
Q

What is the function of the Golgi Apparatus?

A

Modifies proteins - adding sugar (glyco-) or lipids (lipo-)
Folds into 3D shape
Proteins packages off to store in cell or move to plasma membrane

43
Q

What is the structure of the mitochondria?

A

Spherical rod shape
2 membranes - fluid filled cavity

44
Q

What is the function of the mitochondria?

A

Site of ATP
Self replicating
Metabolic activity takes place

45
Q

What is the structure of the chloroplasts?

A

Large
Thylakoids
Contains loops of DNA/starch grains

46
Q

What are thylakoids?

A

Membrane sacs each one is called a granum and is continuous with the inner membrane

47
Q

What is the function of the chloroplasts?

A

Site of photosynthesis

48
Q

What is the structure of the vacuole?

A

Surrounding membrane called a tonoplast
Contains fluid

49
Q

What is the function of the vacuole?

A

Maintains cell stability by pushing against cell wall
Helps to keep cell turgid

50
Q

What is the structure of the lysosome?

A

Small bags formed in the golgi apparatus
Contains hydrolytic enzymes
Abundant in phagocytic cells

51
Q

What is the function of the lysosomes?

A

Separates enzymes from the rest of the cell
Can engulf old cell organelles and foreign matter

52
Q

What is the structure of the ribosomes?

A

Small and spherical
In ribosomal RNA
Made in nucleolus
Some in cytoplasm
Some attached to RER

53
Q

What is the function of the ribosomes?

A

RER - synthesising
Free in cytoplasm - Assembly of proteins

54
Q

What is the structure of the centrioles?

A

2 bundles of microtubules perpendicular to each other
Made of tubulin sub-units

55
Q

What is the function of the centrioles?

A

Form spindle fibres for cell division
Form undulipodia and cilia

56
Q

What is the structure of the cytoskeleton?

A

Network of proteins
Microfilament
Microtubules
Intermediate filaments
Motor proteins

57
Q

What is the structure of the cellulose cell wall?

A

Outside of plasma membrane
Bundle of cellulose fibres

58
Q

What is the function of the lysosomes?

A

Separates enzymes from the rest of the cell
Can engulf old cell organelles and foreign matter

59
Q

What is the structure of the ribosomes?

A

Small and spherical
In ribosomal RNA
Made in nucleolus
Some in cytoplasm
Some attached to RER

60
Q

What is the function of the ribosomes?

A

RER - synthesising
Free in cytoplasm - Assembly of proteins

61
Q

What is the structure of the centrioles?

A

2 bundles of microtubules perpendicular to each other
Made of tubulin sub-units

62
Q

What is the function of the centrioles?

A

Form spindle fibres for cell division
Form undulipodia and cilia

63
Q

What is the structure of the cytoskeleton?

A

Network of proteins
Microfilament
Microtubules
Intermediate filaments
Motor proteins

64
Q

What is the function of the cellulose cell wall?

A

Strength and support of the cell and plant

65
Q

What is the function of microfilaments?

A

Give mechanical strength

66
Q

What is the function of intermediate filaments?

A

Anchor nucleus in the cytoplasm
Enable cell signalling

67
Q

What is the function of microtubules?

A

Form track for motor proteins
Spindle fibres
Make up cilia
Shape/support

68
Q

What are the 3 types of motor proteins?

A

Myosins
Dyneins
Kinesins

69
Q

How do motor proteins get their energy?

A

Hydrolysis reactions using ATP

70
Q

What is the process of protein modification and secretion?

A

mRNA translated by RNA on RER
Mols pass through to cisternae of RER and long hollow sacs
Vesicles with mols pinched and passed through microtubules to the golgi apparatus
Vesicle fuses with Golgi Apparatus and modifies it
Vesicle pinched off from Golgi Apparatus and passes to plasma membrane
Fuses with the plasma membrane and is released through exocytosis

71
Q

What are similarities of eukaryotes and prokaryotes?

A

Plasma membrane
Cytoplasm
Ribosomes
DNA
RNA

72
Q

What are the differences of eukaryotes and prokaryotes?

A

Size of cell
Development of cytoskeleton
Nucleus
Membrane bound organelles
Walls
DNA

73
Q

What is the endosymbiont theory?

A

Evolved from prokaryotic cells
Prokaryotes with infolded membranes engulfed by prokaryotes but not digested
Created double membrane structure

A-level Biology (23 decks)

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