Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

A-level Biology > 2.1 Cell Structure (spec) > Flashcards

2.1 Cell Structure (spec) Flashcards

1
Q

What are the advantages of a optical microscope?

A

Cheap
Easy
Portable
Study whole living species

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the magnification of a optical microscope?

A

X1500 to X2000

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the resolution of a optical microscope?

A

Limited

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is visible with a optical microscope?

A

Mitochondria
Chloroplasts
Bacteria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

How does an optical microscope work?

A

Light is reflected from a mirror onto the specimen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are the advantages of a laser scanning microscope?

A

Selective depth
Eliminates a background

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the magnification of a laser scanning microscope?

A

X1000

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the resolution of a laser scanning microscope?

A

High (with contrast)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is visible with a laser scanning microscope?

A

Whole live specimens
Cells
Eyes (medical scanning)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

How does a laser scanning microscope work?

A

Laser scans an object point by point and assembles on a computer screen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are the advantages of a transmission electron microscope?

A

Magnifies to a high degree
Good resolution

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the magnification of a transmission electron microscope?

A

X2 million

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the resolution of a transmission electron microscope?

A

High

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are the disadvantages of a transmission electron microscope?

A

Expensive
Dead specimens only
Needs training
2D
Black and white

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is visible with a transmission electron microscope?

A

Cell wall
Ribosomes
Nucleus
Vacuole
Thin specimens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

How does a transmission electron microscope work?

A

A beam of electron passes through a specimen stained with metal salts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are the advantages of a scanning electron microscope?

A

3D images
Can colour on a software
Chemical analysis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is the magnification of a scanning electron microscope?

A

X15 to X200,000

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is the resolution of a scanning electron microscope?

A

High 3D

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is visible with a scanning electron microscope?

A

Shape of cell structures
Atoms
Chemical bonds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What are the disadvantages of a scanning electron microscope?

A

Specimens must be coated with a fine film
Colour is false
Expensive
Large

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Why do we stain specimens?

A

Provide contrast
More detail
See specific organisms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is an all purpose stain?

A

Methylene blue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is the job of the stain Acetin Orcerin?

A

Binds to DNA and stains chromosomes dark red

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
What is the job of the stain Eosin?
To stain the cytoplasm
26
What is the job of the stain sudan red?
To stain lipids
27
What is the job of the stain potassium iodide?
Turns cellulose cell walls yellow and starch dark blue/black
28
What is the formula for magnification?
magnification = image/actual
29
How do you measure a microscopic image to use the magnification formula?
Measure widest part of leaf Multiply by 1000 to μm Put into the formula
30
What are the 3 different ways of observing a specimen?
Dehydrating Embedding into wax Using an instrument to make thin slices
31
What is the structure of the nuclear envelope?
Double membrane Pores
32
What is the function of the nuclear envelope?
Separates the contents of the nucleus from the rest of the cell Lets substances (mRNA) pass through pores
33
What is the structure of the nucleolus?
Contains RNA
34
What is the function of the nucleolus?
Makes ribosomes Contains gene
35
What is the structure of the nucleus?
- nuclear envelope creating a double membrane structure - nucleolus with no membrane but contains RNA - Chromatin consisting of DNA wound around histone proteins
36
What is the function of the nucleus?
Controls cell Stores genome Transmits genetic information Instructions for protein synthesis
37
What is the structure of the RER?
System of membrane filled cavities coated with ribosomes Extension of the nuclear membrane
38
What is the function of the RER?
Intracellular transport system Provides a large surface area for ribosomes to assemble amino acids
39
What is the structure of the SER?
System of fluid filled cavities without ribosomes
40
What is the function of the SER?
Contains enzymes for lipid metabolism (for cholesterol, phospholipids and steroid hormones) Absorption, Synthesis and transport of lipids
41
What is the structure of the Golgi Apparatus?
Membrane-bound flattened sacs Secretory vesicles bring/take materials
42
What is the function of the Golgi Apparatus?
Modifies proteins - adding sugar (glyco-) or lipids (lipo-) Folds into 3D shape Proteins packages off to store in cell or move to plasma membrane
43
What is the structure of the mitochondria?
Spherical rod shape 2 membranes - fluid filled cavity
44
What is the function of the mitochondria?
Site of ATP Self replicating Metabolic activity takes place
45
What is the structure of the chloroplasts?
Large Thylakoids Contains loops of DNA/starch grains
46
What are thylakoids?
Membrane sacs each one is called a granum and is continuous with the inner membrane
47
What is the function of the chloroplasts?
Site of photosynthesis
48
What is the structure of the vacuole?
Surrounding membrane called a tonoplast Contains fluid
49
What is the function of the vacuole?
Maintains cell stability by pushing against cell wall Helps to keep cell turgid
50
What is the structure of the lysosome?
Small bags formed in the golgi apparatus Contains hydrolytic enzymes Abundant in phagocytic cells
51
What is the function of the lysosomes?
Separates enzymes from the rest of the cell Can engulf old cell organelles and foreign matter
52
What is the structure of the ribosomes?
Small and spherical In ribosomal RNA Made in nucleolus Some in cytoplasm Some attached to RER
53
What is the function of the ribosomes?
RER - synthesising Free in cytoplasm - Assembly of proteins
54
What is the structure of the centrioles?
2 bundles of microtubules perpendicular to each other Made of tubulin sub-units
55
What is the function of the centrioles?
Form spindle fibres for cell division Form undulipodia and cilia
56
What is the structure of the cytoskeleton?
Network of proteins Microfilament Microtubules Intermediate filaments Motor proteins
57
What is the structure of the cellulose cell wall?
Outside of plasma membrane Bundle of cellulose fibres
58
What is the function of the lysosomes?
Separates enzymes from the rest of the cell Can engulf old cell organelles and foreign matter
59
What is the structure of the ribosomes?
Small and spherical In ribosomal RNA Made in nucleolus Some in cytoplasm Some attached to RER
60
What is the function of the ribosomes?
RER - synthesising Free in cytoplasm - Assembly of proteins
61
What is the structure of the centrioles?
2 bundles of microtubules perpendicular to each other Made of tubulin sub-units
62
What is the function of the centrioles?
Form spindle fibres for cell division Form undulipodia and cilia
63
What is the structure of the cytoskeleton?
Network of proteins Microfilament Microtubules Intermediate filaments Motor proteins
64
What is the function of the cellulose cell wall?
Strength and support of the cell and plant
65
What is the function of microfilaments?
Give mechanical strength
66
What is the function of intermediate filaments?
Anchor nucleus in the cytoplasm Enable cell signalling
67
What is the function of microtubules?
Form track for motor proteins Spindle fibres Make up cilia Shape/support
68
What are the 3 types of motor proteins?
Myosins Dyneins Kinesins
69
How do motor proteins get their energy?
Hydrolysis reactions using ATP
70
What is the process of protein modification and secretion?
mRNA translated by RNA on RER Mols pass through to cisternae of RER and long hollow sacs Vesicles with mols pinched and passed through microtubules to the golgi apparatus Vesicle fuses with Golgi Apparatus and modifies it Vesicle pinched off from Golgi Apparatus and passes to plasma membrane Fuses with the plasma membrane and is released through exocytosis
71
What are similarities of eukaryotes and prokaryotes?
Plasma membrane Cytoplasm Ribosomes DNA RNA
72
What are the differences of eukaryotes and prokaryotes?
Size of cell Development of cytoskeleton Nucleus Membrane bound organelles Walls DNA
73
What is the endosymbiont theory?
Evolved from prokaryotic cells Prokaryotes with infolded membranes engulfed by prokaryotes but not digested Created double membrane structure

A-level Biology (23 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions