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A-level Biology > (2.2) Biological Molecules > Flashcards

(2.2) Biological Molecules Flashcards

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1
Q

Why is hydrogen bonding significant when it comes to water?

A

In isolation the bonds are weak however when there are many bonds between water molecules they’re strong

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2
Q

What is the molecular makeup of water?

A

H2O

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3
Q

How is water polar?

A

The oxygen is slightly negative and the hydrogen is slightly positive

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4
Q

How do water molecules bond together?

A

Hydrogen bonds

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5
Q

What are the properties of water?

A
  • solvent
  • cohesion
  • adhesion
  • surface tension
  • solid is not as dense as liquid
  • high specific heat
  • high latent heat
  • reactant
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6
Q

Why does water make a good solvent?

A

It’s polarity allows it to be attracted to and bond with negatively and positively charged molecules and ions

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7
Q

What is does it mean when water is cohesive?

A

The water molecules stick together well - due to hydrogen bonding

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8
Q

What does it mean that water is adhesive?

A

The water molecules stick to other things due to its polarity

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9
Q

What is an example of when water’s surface tension is important?

A

For pond skaters

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10
Q

Why is the fact that water is more dense as a liquid compared to a solid significant?

A

It means that when water becomes ice, the ice floats on the surface, insulating the water below making it good for habitats as temperature is maintained

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11
Q

What does high specific heat capacity mean?

A

It is hard to heat

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12
Q

Why is the fact that water has a high specific heat capacity significant?

A

The water is harder to heat so creates a good environment/habitat for animals

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13
Q

What is high latent heat?

A

It means it is hard to turn into a vapour

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14
Q

Why is the fact that water has high latent heat important?

A

It can be used as a cooling mechanism for many organisms e.g. sweat

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15
Q

Why is water a good reactant?

A

Water is used to form hydrolysis reactions and is removed during condensation reactions

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16
Q

What are carbohydrates?

A

Sugars

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17
Q

What are sugars?

A

Sweet, crystalline solids

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18
Q

What are hexose sugars?

A

Sugars with 6 carbons

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19
Q

What are pentose sugars?

A

Sugars with 5 carbons

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20
Q

What are triose sugars?

A

Sugars with 3 carbons

21
Q

What is the molecular makeup of glucose?

A

C(6)H(12)O(6)

22
Q

What are disaccharides?

A

Polymers of sugars

23
Q

What is maltose made up of?

A

X2 Alpha glucose

24
Q

What is sucrose made up of?

A

Glucose and Fructose

25
Q

What is cellobiose made up of?

A

X2 Beta glucose

26
Q

What is lactose made up of?

A

Beta Galactose and Alpha glucose

27
Q

What are the three types of polysaccharides?

A
  • Amylose
  • Amylopectin
  • Glycogen
28
Q

Where is Amylose and Amylopectin found?

A

In Plants

29
Q

Where is glycogen found?

A

In animals

30
Q

What are Amylose, Amylopectin and glycogen?

A

Energy stores

31
Q

What bonds are there in Amylose?

A

1-4 glycosidic bonds

32
Q

What is the structure of Amylose?

A

Spiralled

33
Q

What is amylose made up of?

A

Alpha glucose

34
Q

What are amylose and amylopectin a component of?

A

Starch

35
Q

Why is iodine effective when testing for starch?

A

Iodine fits within the coiled chain of amylose

36
Q

What bonds are within Amylopectin?

A

1-4 and 1-6 glycosidic bonds

37
Q

What happens when 1-6 glycosidic bonds are present?

A

The structure becomes branched

38
Q

What is the benefit of 1-6 glycosidic bonds?

A

The branched structure means there are more ends for enzymes to bind to which means the energy store is more hydrolysable

39
Q

What bonds are present in Glycogen?

A

1-4 and 1-6 glycosidic bonds

40
Q

Why do Amylose, Amylopectin and Glycogen make good energy stores?

A
  • compact
  • non-soluble
  • readily hydrolysable
41
Q

Why is it beneficial that energy stores are non-soluble?

A

When they are stored in the cell they do not affect the water potential and mess with osmosis pathways

42
Q

What sugar is glycogen made up of?

A

Alpha glucose

43
Q

What is cellulose a polymer of?

A

Beta glucose

44
Q

Why do beta glucose molecules flip when making up cellulose?

A

Due to the positioning of the hydroxyl groups

45
Q

What is the structure of cellulose and why?

A

Cellulose chains are straight due to the constant rotation of carbon 6 (180 degrees)

46
Q

What bonds are between cellulose chains and what does this do?

A

Hydrogen bonds which makes it stronger

47
Q

What do cellulose chains bundle together to form?

A

Microfibrils

48
Q

What do microfibrils bundle into?

A

Macrofibrils

49
Q

What does the bundling of cellulose chains, microfibrils and macrofibrils create?

A

A strong but soluble cells wall

A-level Biology (23 decks)

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