4.10-4.15 Flashcards
What is a lysosome
a membrane-enclosed sac of digestive enzymes
Where are the components of lysosomes made?
Rough ER, processed in Golgi
The lysosome provides a an ____ environment for its enzymes
acidic.
How do lysosomes assist in digestion?
The membrane sacs which hold food in cells fuse with lysosomes. The nutrients are released into the cytosol.
What types of cells kill bacteria?
White blood cells and their lysosomes.
How does a lysosomes behave as a recycling center?
It breaks down damaged organelles and recycles their molecules.
Name some of the functions of a vacuole.
Hold food in a membrane, expel water, lysosome-like functions, pigments (plants), poison (plants)
Describe the function of a central vacuole in a plant.
Helps the cell grow by storing water. Stockpiles chemicals, stores toxic waste products.
Is a food vacuole part of the endomembrane system?
Yes, it forms by pinching in from the plasma membrane, which is part of the endomembrane system.
What is the function of peroxisomes?
Metabolic compounds not from endomembrane system. Breaks down fatty acids, detoxifies.
How do transport vesicles help tie together the endomembrane system?
Transport vesicles move membranes and the substances they enclose between components of the system.
What chemical reaction is mitochondria responsible for?
Carrying out cellular respiration in most types of eukaryotic cells.
What is mitochondria’s role in cellular respiration, or what is cellular respiration.
Converting sugars high in chemical energy to ATP.
What is the membrane of a mitochondria like?
Two phospholipid bilayers with unique proteins.
What are the two internal compartments of a mitochondria?
intermembrane space and mitochondrial matrix (enclosed by first).
What does the mitochondrial matrix have?
mitochondrial DNA, ribosomes, enzymes that help with cellular respiration.
What does the inner membrane do in mitochondria?
Is very folded, has embedded proteins that help ATP synthesis.
What are the fold of a mitochondria called and what do they do?
Cristae, increase surface area and amount of ATP that can be produced.
What organelle is responsible for photosynthesis (plants and algae)?
Chloroplast.
The chloroplast has two membranes, the
inner/thylakoid and outer membranes.
What is stroma, where is it found, and what does it do?
Found in inner membrane, thick fluid with chloroplast DNA, ribosomes and enzymes.
What is a thylakoid, where is it found, and what does it do?
Found in inner membrane, in connected stacks called granum. Traps solar energy
What is the endosymbiont theory.
After making observations that the DNA of chloroplast and mitochondria was similar to that of prokaryotes, and that their ribosomes were like prokaryotic ribosomes, scientists believed that certain cells took in these organelles at some point.
Why would cells take in mitochondria and chloroplasts?
The world was becoming oxygenated because of prokaryotes, so cells would want to be able to photosynthesize, and provide nutrients for themselves with mitochondria.
All eukaryotes have mitochondria, but not all have chloroplasts. What is the evolutionary explanation?
The first endosymbiosis would have given rise to eukaryotic cells containing mitochondria. A second endosymbiotic event gave rise to cells containing both.
