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Biology > 34.8-34.13 > Flashcards

34.8-34.13 Flashcards

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1
Q

What differentiates between individual terrestrial biomes?

A

Their vegetation. What type of vegetation depends of temperature and precipitation, climate.

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2
Q

Why does vegetation do this?

A

Vegetations provides food, shelter and organic matter (decomposers).

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3
Q

Are the same biomes only found near each other?

A

No, depending on latitude, etc. similar biomes form on different continents.

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4
Q

What is convergent evolution?

A

When two separated species evolve to have similar features because they live in similar environments. Examples, foxes in tundras, reptiles in deserts.

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5
Q

Are individual biomes uniform?

A

No, lots of abiotic factors can lead to patchiness, etc.

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6
Q

How does climate change affect biomes?

A

It moves their latitudes. It can kill off species because of how fast it moves.

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7
Q

What are the characteristics of tropical areas?

A

Warm, near equator, 11-12 hour days throughout the year. Rainfall is variable, often determining the types of vegetation there.

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8
Q

What does deciduous mean?

A

Shedding leaves.

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9
Q

Where are tropical rain forests found?

A

humid, equatorial areas with 200-400 cm of water per year.

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10
Q

What are the characteristics of tropical rain forests?

A

Incredibly diverse, 300 species per hectare. Poor soil quality. Forest is in layer: upper canopy, one or two layers of lower trees, shrub understory, spse layer of herbaceous plants. Many plants grow on trees to access the sun, while animals live there.

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11
Q

What leads to poor soil quality in tropical rain forests?

A

High temperature and rainfall create rapid decomposition and release of nutrients which are used by trees or washed away by rain.

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12
Q

How has the lumber industry affected tropical rain forests?

A

Used for lumber, as soil quality is poor, it cannot sustain it for long and eventually stops growing..

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13
Q

What is an example and the characteristics of a savanna

A

Serengeti Plain in Tanzania. Scattered trees and lots of grass. 12-20 inches of rain per year, during a short rain season. Poor soil quality (very few trees)

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14
Q

What happens in savannas that stop tree growth

A

Fires (caused naturally or unnaturally), and grazing animals. Grass can survive because they grow below ground.

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15
Q

Why are trees of the savanna so good at surviving droughts?

A

They are deciduous, dropping their leaves during dry season to help conserve water.

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16
Q

Broadleaf

A

its in the name?

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17
Q

What grows during rainy season in the savanna? Who does it help

A

grass and forbs grow, and feed organisms.

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18
Q

What are some common species found in savannas?

A

ants and termites; burrowing animals, such as mice, moles, gophers, snakes, ground squirrels, worms, arthropods.

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19
Q

What are the characteristics of deserts?

A

Excessively dry, less than 12 in of rain per year. Common misconception: there is no water anywhere. There is water in the air at coasts, in the form of fog, but none in the ground.

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20
Q

At what latitudes do deserts occur?

A

30 degrees north and south

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21
Q

rain shadow

A

a region having little rainfall because it is sheltered from prevailing rain-bearing winds by a range of hills.

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22
Q

What are examples of deserts (higher latitude) in rain shadows?

A

Central Asia (east of Caucasus Mountains). Washington and Oregon east of the Cascade Mountains. Sierra Nevada–> Mojave Desert

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23
Q

What is the temperature of the soil in a desert during the day?

A

Lots of things! 140F to -22 ft (Rocky Mountains)!. So while dry, it doesn’t mean hot.

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24
Q

What do the deserts who do receive some water have as plants?

A

deep-rooted shrubs, cacti, Joshua Tree (these cacti have waxy covering to prevent water loss). They have multitudes of seeds which are released by rainfall.

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25
Q

germination

A

the development of a plant from a seed or spore after a period of dormancy.

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26
Q

What animals are common in deserts?

A

Animals that all have adaptations to deal with lack of water: ants, birds, rodents (eats seeds). Lizards, snakes and hawks eat seed-eaters.

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27
Q

what is desertification

A

semi-arid regions–> deserts. Is a result of overpopulation, overgrazing and farming.

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28
Q

What characterizes a chaparral?

A

Literally means: “place of evergreen scrub oaks” or dense, spiny shrubs with tough evergreen leaves. Mild, rainy winters and hot, dry summers.

29
Q

What type of climate supports chaparral vegetation?

A

cool ocean currents circulating offshore. Therefore, they can only be in coastal areas.

30
Q

Where is the largest region of Chaparral located?

A

Mediterranean.

31
Q

define perennial

A

lasting or existing for a long or apparently infinite time; enduring or continually recurring.

32
Q

What plants and animals are seen in chaparrals?

A

Perennial shrubs, during rainy season, annual plants. Animals browser include deer, fruit-eating birds, seed-eating rodents. Lizards and snakes.

33
Q

What should be put in these cards?

A

The questions at the end of every section ;)

34
Q

How does chaparral vegetation survive fires.

A

While the plants themselves are highly flammable, they use food reserves in roots to support rapid shoot regeneration. Some vegetation literally has seeds that germinate only after hot fires. The ashes of fire fertilize the soil with nutrients. These fires are not good for houses.

35
Q

Temperate grasslands characteristics?

A

Like tropical savannas, except no trees (along rivers and streams exception). 10-30 in. rain per year. Has cold temperatures in winter. Often afflicted with harsh droughts that prevent trees. Fires and grazing also prevent this.

36
Q

What animals live in temperate grasslands?

A

Large grazing animals, bison, pronghorn (NA), wild horses and sheep of Asian steppes. Birds that nest on ground, in holes.

37
Q

What are there a lot of in temperate grasslands?

A

Enriched by glacial deposits, and mulch from decaying plant material, supports microorganisms and small animals, annelids and arthropods.

38
Q

What is the height of the grass in temperate grasslands determmined by?

A

precipitation. Short=dry, long=wetter.

39
Q

Temperate grasslands are some of the most _____ _______ regions in the world

A

productive agricultural

40
Q

What is the climate within tropical rainforests, according to the textbook’s diagram?

A

Very high precipitation and temperature.

41
Q

What are common adaptations found in tropical rainforests?

A

Plants: broad leaves, endothermy (humidity regulation) In animals: camouflage, poison, interdependence, noc/diurnal living styles.

42
Q

What are the most common producers in a tropical rainforest?

A

Rubber tree, banana tree and coconut tree.

43
Q

What are the most common consumers in a tropical rainforest?

A

monkeys, macaw, deer, butterflies and sloths.

44
Q

What are the most common decomposers in a tropical rainforest?

A

termites, slugs, scorpions, worms.

45
Q

What is the climate of the savanna, according to the textbook.

A

High temperatures, low precipitation and prone to fire.

46
Q

What are common adaptations organisms have in the savanna?

A

migration and hibernating to deal with lack of water, along with camouflage.

47
Q

What are the most common producers in a savanna?

A

acacia tree and star and red oat grass.

48
Q

What are the most common consumers in a savanna?

A

zebras, kangaroos, antelope an elephants.

49
Q

How do fires help maintain savannas as grassland ecosystems?

A

By repeatedly stopping the spread of trees and other woody plants; grasses survive because their shoot is located underground.

50
Q

What is the climate of a desert, according to the textbook?

A

Moderate to high heat, very low precipitation. NOT prone to fires.

51
Q

What are common desert adaptations that organisms have?

A

Big ears (jackrabbit, etc), light-colored coats, humps to store fat, higher salt tolerance, insulating themselves from heat, etc.

52
Q

What are the most common producers in a desert?

A

cacti, types of bushes

53
Q

What are the most common decomposers in a savanna?

A

fungi and bacteria

54
Q

What are the most common consumers in a desert?

A

rodents, rabbits, dear.

55
Q

What are the most common decomposers in a desert?

A

saprotrophs and detritivores: mushrooms, insects.

56
Q

Why isn’t “cold desert” an oxymoron?

A

B/c deserts and defined by low precipitation and dry soil, not temperature.

57
Q

What is the climate of a chaparral, according to the textbook?

A

Moderate heat (less than savanna and desert) and small amount of precipitation. Prone to fires.

58
Q

What are common adaptations by organisms in chaparrals?

A

plants with hairy leaves (conserves water) germinating after fire, water reserves in roots.

59
Q

What are the most common producers in a chaparral?

A

evergreen oaks and sagebrush

60
Q

What are the most common consumers in a chaparral?

A

jackrabbits, wild goats; grazing animals.

61
Q

What are the most common decomposers in a chaparral?

A

lichens, fungi and bacteria.

62
Q

What is the climate of a temperate grassland, according to the book?

A

Having a large range in temperature, and more rain than chaparrals, deserts and savannas.

63
Q

what are common adaptations by organisms to temperate grasslands?

A

broad, flat teeth to eat grass. Burrowing techniques, camouflage.

64
Q

What are the most common producers in a temperate grassland?

A

grasses, shrubs, trees, mosses, lichen and cyanobacteria

65
Q

define cyanobacteria

A

can photosynthesize.

66
Q

What are the most common consumers in a temperate grassland?

A

insects, hares, squirrels, zebras.

67
Q

What are the most common decomposers in a temperate grassland?

A

insects, fungi, algae and bacteria.

68
Q

What factors inhibit woody plants from growing in temperate grasslands?

A

Lack of rainfall, frequent fires, and quantity of grazing.

Biology (17 decks)

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