1.4-1.6 Flashcards
Difference btw. Nutrients and Energy in an ecosystem.
The major difference between these processes is that nutrients constantly recycle within the ecosystem, whereas energy flows through and may become so spread out that it is not useful for living things.
Producers
provide food for an ecosystem (plants)
How do trees and plants cycle nutrients
photosythesis (CO2 & H2O to sugar and oxygen, using light energy) trees absorb H2O through soil and leaves take in carbon dioxide. All produces O2. This energy also alows roots to break through soil.
Consumers
Eat plants and other animals (animals). Primary, secondary, tertiary
How do consumers release energy in foods.
Respiration. Inhaling O2 and release CO2
Decomposers
small animals, fungi and bacteria that decompose waste and the remains of dead organisms. They change complex matter into simpler chemical that plants can absorb and use.
What are the most basic chemicals of life?
carbon dioxide, oxygen, water and minerals
Through what do chemicals cycle
air, soil, plants, consumers and decomposers, back to air and soil.
What, besides chemicals, does photosynthesis need
energy
What flow does energy go through in an ecosystem?
sun energy [photosynthesis] chemical energy in sugars [consumers] powering consumers
How much energy is lost in an ecosystem.
All of it. It is constantly flowing out in the form of heat. Every step in takes, where it is converted, it loses most of its energy in heat.
See venn diagram
SYS
All cells have…
All cells have DNA which is the universal genetic material linking all living things.
DNA is made up of…
All DNA is made up of four base chemicals called nucleotides
How does the arrangement of nucleotides affect the DNA?
The different arrangements of these nucleotides give the cells different instructions for the synthesis of RNA (ribonucleic acid) which tell the components of the cell how to make a protein.
What do the four bases do?
Different genes are encoded in the DNA through the order of the four bases. Art, rat and tar are different words, made up from the same letters,see
DNA is the chemical substance of…
genes
The continuity of life depends on…
DNA
What is DNA made of
Each molecule contains two long chains, together called a double helix. Have nucleotides within them
Cell division?
DNA replicates, splits, and finds its new other chain.
How many cells in the human body?
Starts with one, end with trillions.
What do proteins do?
build and maintain the cell to carry out activities.
Genes can…
make yellow pigment, make hormone insulin, these are the proteins as a result of the genes at work.
How can cells help humanity
acteria can be used to produce insulin for the treatment of diabetes by inserting a gene for human insulin into bacterial cells.
Where does diversity of life come from
variation in DNA sequences. Ex. Bacteria and Humans. Both cells, not remotely similar.
What is a genome made of?
Has all genetic instruction, two chromosomes.
How many nucleotide parts does a chromosome have?
3 billion
study of genes/comparison between species
genomics.
where are the chromosomes/genome located?
the nucleus of a cell.
How many species
1.8 million, could be 10-100 million
what branch of biology groups species.
taxonomy
Domain…
kingdom
Kingdom..
phylum
Phylum…
class
Class…
order
Order…
family
Family…
genus
Genus…
Species
Taxonomy pyramid
Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species
What are the three domains?
Domain: Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya
Domain Bacteria Characteristics
Always organisms with prokaryotic cells
Most “diverse and widespread” of the prokaryotic cells
Domain Archaea characteristics
Like Domain Bacteria, Domain Archaea consists of organisms with Prokaryotic cells.
Are found more in extreme environments than bacteria. For example, the image on the left is a prokaryotic cell found in deep-sea regions.
Domain Eukarya
All Eukaryotic cells, much more complex.
Consists of protists, plants, fungi and animals
What are the four kingdoms within Domain Eukarya
Protists, Plantae, Fungi, Animalia
Protist characteristics
Single celled organisms, usually
Grouped into six different subgroups; they are difficult to categorize
Kingdom Plantae characteristics
Uses photosynthesis to sustain itself
multicellular
Kingdom Fungi characteristics
Feeds off of/decomposes dead organisms (absorbs nutrients)
multicellular
Kingdom Animalia characterisitics
Eats other organisms.
multicellular
Do the domains connect and intersect within an ecosystem
Yes, of course. Ex. A sloth (animal) clings to a tree (plant), has growth in hair from photosynthetic prokaryotes (domain bacteria)
How are there cycles within the sloth
The sloth depends on trees for food and shelter, the trees use nutrients from sloth’s feces, prokaryotes gain access to sunlight for PS by living on sloth, sloth is camoflauged by prokaryotes.
metaphor for DNA and proteins:
DNA is like the recipe book for a head chef. The RNA is like a copy of the recipe that the chef gives to his workers for each entree they make. The entree would be like proteins that are constructed. The chef gives his workers new RNA copies from his recipe book each time a new entree is to be made. Harming the DNA, the master document, would cause the most harm.
What are the two main functions of DNA?
DNA is the genetic material that is passed from parents to offspring, and it codes for proteins that control the activity of cells.
