3.1-3.3 Flashcards
What are carbon-based molecules called?
organic molecules
How common are organic molecules
Very common: carbon is essential.
Why is carbon so widely found?
It can bond in diverse ways because of its structure; 4 valence electrons.
What is methane
CH4
When carbon makes single bonds with 4 atoms (like methane) what form does it take?
Tetrahedron (pyramid with triangular base)
What can change the form of an organic molecule.
Whether carbon makes single or double bonds.
what forms can “carbon skeletons” (or the base of carbon which other atoms branch off from) take?
straight, branched or in rings.
Chemical formula of ethane?
C2H6 (no double bonds)
Chemical formula of propane?
C3H8 (no double bonds)
Define isomer.
Compounds with the same formula but different structural arrangements.
Give an example of a isomer
butane and isobutane (or 1-butene and 2-butene). Both C4H8, but have carbon double bonds in diff. places. (see pg. 34)
Besides the change in chemical structure, where else do isomers form?
in spatial arrangement (different tetrahedrons, I’m guessing? Some isomers are better than others.
Define hydrocarbon, and examples of materials it is found in.
molecules composed only of hydrogen and carbon. Found in crude oil, natural gasses, and fats in our body.
What is so important about hydrocarbons? Where are they found?
Fats, oils and gasses supply most of the world’s energy.
One isomer of methamphetamine is an addictive illegal drug. The other Is a medicine for sinus congestion. How can you explain the differing effects of the two isomers?
Isomers have different structures, or shapes, and the shape of a molecule usually helps the way it functions in the body.
Give examples of carbon rings.
Cyclohexane (C6H12) and Benzene (C6H6)
define functional group
affecting molecule’s function by participating in chemical reactions. They are (almost) all polar and therefore hydrophilic/soluble in water.
What are the functional groups?
hydroxyl, carbonyl, carboxyl, amino, phosphate, methyl groups
describe the hydroxyl group.
–OH (oxygen and hydrogen). Many organic compounds containing this group are alcohols.
describe the carbonyl group
(/)C=O (carbon bonded to two separate elements). At the end of a carbon skeleton, it is a aldehyde, within a chain, ketone.
Describe the carboxyl group
–COOH (carbon double bonded to an oxygen, carbon bonded to an oxygen and a hydrogen (hydroxyl group)). Ionized when it is without the hydrogen (O-). It is acidic because it gives the H+ ion. Anything with carboxyl is called a carboxylic acid.
describe the amino group
-NH2, N(/)HH. Ionized it has three hydrogens. By picking up a hydrogen it is ionized form, it is a base. Compounds with amino group are amines. Proteins are built from amino groups and carboxylic acids.
Describe the phosphate group
-OPO3^(2-).
O-
|
–O—-P—–O
||
O
Phosphorus + four oxygen atoms. Connected to a carbon structure through oxygen. ATP needs phosphate groups.
describe the methyl group.
-CH3. Only nonpolar functional group. Affects molecular shape and thus function.
Identify the chemical groups that do not contain carbon.
Hydroxyl, phosphate, amino.
What are the four main classes of molecules that are essential to living?
lipids, proteins, carbohydrates, and nucleic acids.
What are the three macromolecules?
carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acids.
What is a polymer?
a long molecule consisting of many identical or similar building blocks strung together. Blocks are monomers.
What is dehydration synthesis/reaction?
a reaction that removes a molecule of water but bonds together two molecules (ex. the hydroxyl group of an atom and an H+ ion). Covalent bond between two monomers.
What is the reverse process of dehydration synthesis and why is it important?
Hydrolysis. Monomers must be broken down to be converted into energy for our system.
What do dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis both need to carry out their reaction?
enzymes break down certain organic compounds, by acting as a catalyst. People without the enzyme lactase cannot ingest sugar lactose.
Where does most of the diversity in macromolecules come from?
Their construction. Monomers can be the same, how they are bonded is different.
