3.4-3.7 Flashcards
what are some examples of carbohydrates?
sugars and starch (pasta, potatoes)
What are the monomers of carbohydrates?
monosaccharides. Ex. glucose, fructose.
Polysaccharides have molecular formulas that are some multiple of ____
CH2O. Glucose is C6H12O6
What are the trademarks of a sugar?
multiple hydroxyl groups (sugars are alcohols) and a carbonyl group.
Compare fructose and glucose?
They are isomers. Fructose and glucose have the same chemical structure, but the carbonyl group is located in different places. Glucose is an aldehyde sugar, and fructose a ketone. For this reason, they react differently, and fructose is sweeter.
What are the most common amount of carbon atoms in monosaccharides of sugar.
3-7. Most common 5-carbon (pentoses) and 6-carbon (hexoses). These carbon structures form rings in aqueous solutions.
What do names of sugars end in? enzymes?
-ose, -ase
In abbreviated drawings of carbon rings, what is done to show shape and carbon?
It is draw as a Pentagon or hexagon, and the carbons are at each of the corners. The variation in thickness shows whether or not the ring is flat with atoms extending above and below it.
What are monosaccharides (glucose) the main fuel molecules for?
cellular work. When some needs urgent help, dextrose is often injected because of the immense amount of energy it releases.
define disaccharide
constructed from two monosaccharides by cells through dehydration synthesis. Maltose is the product of two glucoses.
What is the most common disaccharide?
sucrose: fructose+glucose. Found in plant sap.
what is starch?
polysaccharide made of glucose. Found in a helical shape. They can have branches coming off or not. Starch is found in rice, corn and wheat, and animals possess the enzymes to break down them into glucose.
How is high-fructose corn syrup made from corn?
corn starch is hydrolyzed (broken down in water) to glucose; then enzymes convert glucose to fructose. This fructose is combined with corn syrup to produces HFCS. (45% glucose 55% fructose)
How many monomers/monosaccharides are in a polysaccharide?
100s-1000s
How do animals store glucose (in polysaccharide form?)
glycogen. More highly branched than starch. Stored in granules in liver and muscle cells. It sort of weaves (pg. 39). As opposed to cellulose.
What is the most abundant organic compound on earth?
cellulose.
What is cellulose, and what is its structure like?
major component of the tough walks that enclose plant cells. Polysaccharide of glucose, but formed bonded differently than glycogen. More straight and orderly. These parallel lines are called microfibrils.
Why is cellulose an “insoluble fiber” for humans?
We do not possess the enzymes to digest it.
What is chitin?
Chitin is a structural polysaccharide used by insects and crustaceans to build their exoskeleton. Also creates structure for fungi.
Why are carbohydrates hydrophilic? What is an example of this?
They have hydroxyl groups throughout: cotton bath towels are made of cellulose and absorb water well.
Compare and contrast starch and cellulose, two plant polysaccharides.
Both are polymers of glucose, but the bonds between glucose monomers have different shapes!! Starch functions mainly for sugar storage. Cellulose is a structural polysaccharide that is the main material of plant cell walls.
What are 2-10 sugars together called?
oligosaccharide
three basic sugars?
glucose (6carbon) fructose (6), galactose (6)
glucose+fructose=
sucrose (C12)
glucose+galactose=
lactose
Why are oligosaccharides important?
constructing cell walls.
What do you have to add for hydrolysis to happen?
water!
