41. infectious central nervous disease

Question 1

what infectious causes

Answer 1

viral
bacterial
fungal
protozoal

Question 2

list the viral diseases

Answer 2

distemper - paramyxovirus 
rabies - lyssavirus 
aujezkys - alphaherpes (porcine hv1)
tick encephalitis - flavi
feline infectious peritonitis - corona

Question 3

canine distemper spread, signs

Answer 3

nasal secretion, urine
dog and felids
apathy, fever, mucopurulent nasal discharge, diarrhea, hyperkeratosis
neurologic signs

Question 4

what are the main characteristics of distemper

Answer 4

neuronal and glial cell death (polyencephalomyelopathy)
- seizures
demyelination (leukoencephalomyelopathy)
- cerebellar, brainstem, vestibular signs
- myoclonus

Question 5

neurologic signs of distemper

Answer 5

mainly older infected dogs
visual impairment
mental depression, circling
decreased menace, head pressing, ataxia

Question 6

how can we diagnose distemper

Answer 6

PCR - urine
conjunctival/nasal smear
inclusion bodies
IF test

Question 7

what is treatment and prognosis of distemper

Answer 7

symptomatic treat

poor prognosis

Question 8

how does rabies infect

Answer 8

transdermal - wound
direct contact with infectious material to mucous membrane (saliva, csf, nerve tissue)
aerogenic - inhale bat air

Question 9

two types of rabies epidemiology

Answer 9

urbanic rabies: dog to dog (rare)

sylvatic rabies: fox to dog

Question 10

rabies pathophysiology

Answer 10

virus travel via retrograde axoplasmic transport to cns
rapid replication in CNS -> damage
travel anterograde axoplasmic flow to peripheral nerves and adjacent places of eg salivary glands
virus is disseminated through whole body by the time of clinical signs

Question 11

rabies incubation period

Answer 11

2-3 months (2 weeks to 6 years depending on site and amount of virus)

Question 12

rabies clinical signs

Answer 12

can vary massively from animal to animal
start with general signs: stop eating, drinking, less social, fever, vomiting

cerebral and cranial nerve dysfunction: ataxia, weakness, seizures, difficulty breathing, dysphagia, excess salivation
abnormal behavior, aggression
once clinical signs appear: die within 5-6 days

Question 13

diagnosis of rabies

Answer 13

post mortem examination
IF test: antiviral antibodies conjugated with fluorescentebt dye
RT-PCR
virus isolation from cell culture

Question 14

aujezkys - general info

Answer 14

aka pseudorabies - Porcine herpes virus
natural host is swine, dogs, cats get infected by pigs
prevention programme - low occurrence
intense scratching

Question 15

aujezkys, incubation, course, clinical signs

Answer 15

3-6 days
24-48 hours
slaivation, fever, restlessness, vomiting
CNS signs:
incoordination, vocalization, muscle spasm
rubbing, selfmutilation, furious scratching

Question 16

aujezkys, diagnosis, ddx, prognosis

Answer 16

history, clinical signs, post mortem
ddx rabies!
prognosis very bad, they die :(

Question 17

tick encephalitis - vector, virus

Answer 17

ixodes ricinus

flaviviridae

Question 18

tick encephalitis - clinical signs

Answer 18

fever, ataxia, paraplegia, convulsion, aggression

disorder of proprioception, nystagmus, mydriasis, anisocoria, facial paralysis

Question 19

tick encephalitis - hematology, treatment, prevention, prognosis

Answer 19

leukopenia, lymphopenia, monocytosis
symptomatic treatment, tick control
unfavourable, persistent cns signs

Question 20

FIP - disease

Answer 20

feline infectious peritonitis - corona
¨dry fip¨ non-effusive type
mainly in intracranial and neural tissue
vasculitis-> meningitis, anflam of choroid plexus

Question 21

FIP - symptoms

Answer 21

1. motoric disorder, ataxia, HL paresis, tremor
2. mental state: apathy/ dementia, aggression
3. eyes: nystagmus, anisocoria, mydriasis

Question 22

bacterial CNS inflam - protection

Answer 22

BBB - hard to cross 
no lymphatic system in brain 
once bacteria cross, it is the perfect environment for them 
ways of entry: 
direct - trauma, wound into cns 
local - via sinusitis, otitis 
hematogenous

Question 23

bacterial cns - pathogens

Answer 23

listeria monocytogenes
strep, staph, pasteurella multocida, escheria
anaerobe: peptostrepto, bacteroides

Question 24

bacterial cns - course, clinical signs

Answer 24

acute, rapid progression –> poor prognosis
fever, cervical hyperesthesia
altered mental state
altered locomotion - imbalance, ataxia, paresis

Question 25

bacterial cns diagnosis

Answer 25

history, clinical signs
CSF culture: presence of bacteria
CSF cytology: neutrophil pleocytosis, IC bacteria
CSF biochem: increased protein and glucose

Question 26

bacterial cns treatment

Answer 26

AB: ampicillin, enrofloxacin, cefotaxime, metronidazole 10-14 days after clinical signs gone
glucocorticoids - antiinflam max 4 days

Question 27

listeria monocytogenes - etiology, signs, treatment

Answer 27

bacteria enter oral mucosa ulcer - travel via nerves to cns -> cranial nerve damage -> laryngeal paralysis
vestibular signs, circling, ataxia
doxycycline, penicillin

Question 28

protozoal infection - types

Answer 28

toxoplasma gondii - mainly cat

neospora caninum - mainly dog

Question 29

toxoplasma, clan signs, diagnosis, therapy

Answer 29

HYPEREXTENDED PELVIC LIMBS - classic sign
chorioretinitis, myositis
PCR, antibody: IF
clindamycin

Question 30

neospora caninum - signs, diagnosis, treatment

Answer 30

encephalitis, myelitis, chorioretinitis
atg: PCR, Ab: IF
clindamycin, pot-sa

Question 31

fungal meningoencephalitis - types

Answer 31

aspergillus,blastomyces, cryptococcus,. histoplasma

Question 32

fungal meningoencephalitis etiology, occurrence

Answer 32

inhalation of spores - local spread from sinus or hematogenous spread
usually part of systemic mycosis
slow progression

Question 33

fungal meningoencephalitis

Answer 33

antifungals that cross BBB

fluconazole, flucytosine