41. infectious central nervous disease Flashcards
what infectious causes
viral
bacterial
fungal
protozoal
list the viral diseases
distemper - paramyxovirus rabies - lyssavirus aujezkys - alphaherpes (porcine hv1) tick encephalitis - flavi feline infectious peritonitis - corona
canine distemper spread, signs
nasal secretion, urine
dog and felids
apathy, fever, mucopurulent nasal discharge, diarrhea, hyperkeratosis
neurologic signs
what are the main characteristics of distemper
neuronal and glial cell death (polyencephalomyelopathy)
- seizures
demyelination (leukoencephalomyelopathy)
- cerebellar, brainstem, vestibular signs
- myoclonus
neurologic signs of distemper
mainly older infected dogs
visual impairment
mental depression, circling
decreased menace, head pressing, ataxia
how can we diagnose distemper
PCR - urine
conjunctival/nasal smear
inclusion bodies
IF test
what is treatment and prognosis of distemper
symptomatic treat
poor prognosis
how does rabies infect
transdermal - wound
direct contact with infectious material to mucous membrane (saliva, csf, nerve tissue)
aerogenic - inhale bat air
two types of rabies epidemiology
urbanic rabies: dog to dog (rare)
sylvatic rabies: fox to dog
rabies pathophysiology
virus travel via retrograde axoplasmic transport to cns
rapid replication in CNS -> damage
travel anterograde axoplasmic flow to peripheral nerves and adjacent places of eg salivary glands
virus is disseminated through whole body by the time of clinical signs
rabies incubation period
2-3 months (2 weeks to 6 years depending on site and amount of virus)
rabies clinical signs
can vary massively from animal to animal
start with general signs: stop eating, drinking, less social, fever, vomiting
cerebral and cranial nerve dysfunction: ataxia, weakness, seizures, difficulty breathing, dysphagia, excess salivation
abnormal behavior, aggression
once clinical signs appear: die within 5-6 days
diagnosis of rabies
post mortem examination
IF test: antiviral antibodies conjugated with fluorescentebt dye
RT-PCR
virus isolation from cell culture
aujezkys - general info
aka pseudorabies - Porcine herpes virus
natural host is swine, dogs, cats get infected by pigs
prevention programme - low occurrence
intense scratching
aujezkys, incubation, course, clinical signs
3-6 days
24-48 hours
slaivation, fever, restlessness, vomiting
CNS signs:
incoordination, vocalization, muscle spasm
rubbing, selfmutilation, furious scratching
aujezkys, diagnosis, ddx, prognosis
history, clinical signs, post mortem
ddx rabies!
prognosis very bad, they die :(
tick encephalitis - vector, virus
ixodes ricinus
flaviviridae
tick encephalitis - clinical signs
fever, ataxia, paraplegia, convulsion, aggression
disorder of proprioception, nystagmus, mydriasis, anisocoria, facial paralysis
tick encephalitis - hematology, treatment, prevention, prognosis
leukopenia, lymphopenia, monocytosis
symptomatic treatment, tick control
unfavourable, persistent cns signs
FIP - disease
feline infectious peritonitis - corona
¨dry fip¨ non-effusive type
mainly in intracranial and neural tissue
vasculitis-> meningitis, anflam of choroid plexus
FIP - symptoms
- motoric disorder, ataxia, HL paresis, tremor
- mental state: apathy/ dementia, aggression
- eyes: nystagmus, anisocoria, mydriasis
bacterial CNS inflam - protection
BBB - hard to cross no lymphatic system in brain once bacteria cross, it is the perfect environment for them ways of entry: direct - trauma, wound into cns local - via sinusitis, otitis hematogenous
bacterial cns - pathogens
listeria monocytogenes
strep, staph, pasteurella multocida, escheria
anaerobe: peptostrepto, bacteroides
bacterial cns - course, clinical signs
acute, rapid progression –> poor prognosis
fever, cervical hyperesthesia
altered mental state
altered locomotion - imbalance, ataxia, paresis
bacterial cns diagnosis
history, clinical signs
CSF culture: presence of bacteria
CSF cytology: neutrophil pleocytosis, IC bacteria
CSF biochem: increased protein and glucose
bacterial cns treatment
AB: ampicillin, enrofloxacin, cefotaxime, metronidazole 10-14 days after clinical signs gone
glucocorticoids - antiinflam max 4 days
listeria monocytogenes - etiology, signs, treatment
bacteria enter oral mucosa ulcer - travel via nerves to cns -> cranial nerve damage -> laryngeal paralysis
vestibular signs, circling, ataxia
doxycycline, penicillin
protozoal infection - types
toxoplasma gondii - mainly cat
neospora caninum - mainly dog
toxoplasma, clan signs, diagnosis, therapy
HYPEREXTENDED PELVIC LIMBS - classic sign
chorioretinitis, myositis
PCR, antibody: IF
clindamycin
neospora caninum - signs, diagnosis, treatment
encephalitis, myelitis, chorioretinitis
atg: PCR, Ab: IF
clindamycin, pot-sa
fungal meningoencephalitis - types
aspergillus,blastomyces, cryptococcus,. histoplasma
fungal meningoencephalitis etiology, occurrence
inhalation of spores - local spread from sinus or hematogenous spread
usually part of systemic mycosis
slow progression
fungal meningoencephalitis
antifungals that cross BBB
fluconazole, flucytosine
