1.diseases of the nasal cavity and larynx in dogs and cats Flashcards
list diseases of nasal cavity and sinus
congenital: cleft palate, ciliary dyskinesia
rhinitis : viral, bacterial, fungal, tumor, FB
epistaxis
trauma
tumor
viral rhinitis cat
FHV1, FCV
reverse sneezing, serous nasal and ocular discharge - mucopurulent
calici: oral ulcer, herpes: corneal ulcer
dx: PCR, culture
treatment: supportive, treat secondary infections
viral rhinitis dog
canine distemper - profuse mucopurulent discharge, PCR
CHV1: puppies, severe mucopurulent, autopsy
bacterial rhinitis
usually secondary to viral, FB, tumor
sometimes primary: pasteurella, klebsiella, staph, strep, chlamydia, bordatella bronchiseptica, mycoplasma
treat: AB and treat primary
nasal mycosis what where how
dog > cat
aspergillosis > cryptococcus
nasal cavity, frontal sinus
inhaling large amount of spores, foreign body
nasal mycosis clinical signs, diagnosis
nasal discharge, sneezing, pain, epistaxis
rhinoscopy: plaque, bone resorption
serology, fungal antibody titer
nasal aspergillosis
often caused by FB
young, long nosed breeds
painful, ulcer of nasal plane
cryptococcosis
more in cat
often neurological signs (spread to cns)
treatment of nasal mycosis
Plaque removal!
Can use Topical 1% clotrimazol for 2 weeks, then oral otraconazole for 8 weeks
specific rhinitis
foreign body: sudden sneeze, pain (nasal flush, rhinoscopy)
polyps: cat, nasal cavity, pharynx, (rhinoscopy, surgery)
allergic rhinitis: sneeze, discharge
nasal tumour
More commmon in animals above 5 years of age
Usually malignant: Adenocarcinoma, sarcoma, lymphoma
Signs: Unilateral nasal discharge, can see epistaxis
Diagnosis: Rhinoscopy, bipsy, MRI
Treatment: Radioatin, chemo, surgery
Eutanasia IF: bleeding, dyspnoea and stop eating
epistaxis
nasal bleed
aspergillosis, tumor, trauma, coagulopathy, hypertension, DIC, thromocytopenia, thrombocytopathy
Diseases of the larynx:
Laryngitis
Laryngeal paralysis
Laryngeal collapse
Laryngeal hypoplasia
Laryngeal neoplasia
larynx - history and examination
change in vocalization, stridor, coughing, gagging
plapation: pain? fremitus?
auscultation: stridor?
exercising patient
laryngoscopy
laryngitis pathogens
dog: kennel cough trio - CAV2, CPIV, b. bronchiseptica
cat: FHV, FCV
laryngitis signs and treatment
cough, fever, pneumonia, lethargy +/-
AB: doxycycline, amox+clav
antitussive: butorphanol
other causes of laryngitis
local irritation
endotracheal tube, FB, food, insect bite
GCC
obstructive laryngitis
rare
histology: IMPORTANT to distinguish neoplasia and obstructive inflammatory disease
gcc, tracheostomy
laryngeal paralysis types
congenital: husky
aquired: idiopathic, trauma, NM disease, labrador
laryngeal paralysis etiology, signs
arythenoi cartilage fail to abduct at inspiration, recurrent laryngeal nerve
stridor, exercise intolerance, cough, voice change, resp distress
laryngeal paralysis diagnosis
inspection, laryngoscopy, neurological examination,
management of laryngeal paralysis
obstructive->negative pressure->edema, inflammation
sedation: anxiolytic tranquilizer - acepromazine
hyperthermia: cool down
oxygenation: mask, catheter, endotracheal tube
decrease oedema, inflam: furosemide, gcc
surgical treatment
laryngeal collapse
stridor, collapse, respiratory distress
sedate, furosemide, gcc, oxygen, surgery
brachycephalic: secondary to other issues(stenotic nares, elongated soft palate)
long time negative pressure- laryngeal cartilage weaken and collapse
laryngeal neoplasia
cat: SCC, dog: malignant epithelial tumor
dysphonia, gagging, cough, resp distress
laryngoscopy, biopsy
surgery
diseases of the pharynx
Foreign bodies
Retropharyngeal abscess
Nasopharyngeal polyps
Nasopahryngeal stenosis
Foreign bodies
More common in dogs
Causes: Bones, wooden sticks
Signs: Sudden salivation, pain, dysphagia, dyspnea
Treatment: Rhinoscopy
Retropharyngeal abscess
Due to migrating FB
Signs: Sudden salivation, fever, dysphagia, painful neck
Diagnosis: Difficult to diagnose, can see an elevation of WBC
Nasopharyngeal polyps
Common in cats:
Signs: Extended neck, open mouth breathing due to obstruction
Diagnosis: Rhinoscopy
Treatment: Surgical = ventral rhinotomy and bulla osteotomy + prednisolone
Nasopharyngeal stenosis
More common in young cats, but still rare
Signs: Open mouth breathing
Diagnosis: Endoscopy
Treatment: Surgical = balloon dilation
Diseases of soft palate
Elongated soft palate
Cleft palate
Soft palate hypoplasia
