1.diseases of the nasal cavity and larynx in dogs and cats

Question 1

list diseases of nasal cavity and sinus

Answer 1

congenital: cleft palate, ciliary dyskinesia
rhinitis : viral, bacterial, fungal, tumor, FB
epistaxis
trauma
tumor

Question 2

viral rhinitis cat

Answer 2

FHV1, FCV
reverse sneezing, serous nasal and ocular discharge - mucopurulent
calici: oral ulcer, herpes: corneal ulcer
dx: PCR, culture
treatment: supportive, treat secondary infections

Question 3

viral rhinitis dog

Answer 3

canine distemper - profuse mucopurulent discharge, PCR

CHV1: puppies, severe mucopurulent, autopsy

Question 4

bacterial rhinitis

Answer 4

usually secondary to viral, FB, tumor
sometimes primary: pasteurella, klebsiella, staph, strep, chlamydia, bordatella bronchiseptica, mycoplasma
treat: AB and treat primary

Question 5

nasal mycosis what where how

Answer 5

dog > cat
aspergillosis > cryptococcus
nasal cavity, frontal sinus
inhaling large amount of spores, foreign body

Question 6

nasal mycosis clinical signs, diagnosis

Answer 6

nasal discharge, sneezing, pain, epistaxis
rhinoscopy: plaque, bone resorption
serology, fungal antibody titer

Question 7

nasal aspergillosis

Answer 7

often caused by FB
young, long nosed breeds
painful, ulcer of nasal plane

Question 8

cryptococcosis

Answer 8

more in cat

often neurological signs (spread to cns)

Question 9

treatment of nasal mycosis

Answer 9

Plaque removal!

Can use Topical 1% clotrimazol for 2 weeks, then oral otraconazole for 8 weeks

Question 10

specific rhinitis

Answer 10

foreign body: sudden sneeze, pain (nasal flush, rhinoscopy)
polyps: cat, nasal cavity, pharynx, (rhinoscopy, surgery)
allergic rhinitis: sneeze, discharge

Question 11

nasal tumour

Answer 11

More commmon in animals above 5 years of age

Usually malignant: Adenocarcinoma, sarcoma, lymphoma

Signs: Unilateral nasal discharge, can see epistaxis

Diagnosis: Rhinoscopy, bipsy, MRI

Treatment: Radioatin, chemo, surgery
Eutanasia IF: bleeding, dyspnoea and stop eating

Question 12

epistaxis

Answer 12

nasal bleed

aspergillosis, tumor, trauma, coagulopathy, hypertension, DIC, thromocytopenia, thrombocytopathy

Question 13

Diseases of the larynx:

Answer 13

Laryngitis
Laryngeal paralysis
Laryngeal collapse
Laryngeal hypoplasia
Laryngeal neoplasia

Question 14

larynx - history and examination

Answer 14

change in vocalization, stridor, coughing, gagging
plapation: pain? fremitus?
auscultation: stridor?
exercising patient
laryngoscopy

Question 15

laryngitis pathogens

Answer 15

dog: kennel cough trio - CAV2, CPIV, b. bronchiseptica
cat: FHV, FCV

Question 16

laryngitis signs and treatment

Answer 16

cough, fever, pneumonia, lethargy +/-
AB: doxycycline, amox+clav
antitussive: butorphanol

Question 17

other causes of laryngitis

Answer 17

local irritation
endotracheal tube, FB, food, insect bite
GCC

Question 18

obstructive laryngitis

Answer 18

rare
histology: IMPORTANT to distinguish neoplasia and obstructive inflammatory disease
gcc, tracheostomy

Question 19

laryngeal paralysis types

Answer 19

congenital: husky
aquired: idiopathic, trauma, NM disease, labrador

Question 20

laryngeal paralysis etiology, signs

Answer 20

arythenoi cartilage fail to abduct at inspiration, recurrent laryngeal nerve
stridor, exercise intolerance, cough, voice change, resp distress

Question 21

laryngeal paralysis diagnosis

Answer 21

inspection, laryngoscopy, neurological examination,

Question 22

management of laryngeal paralysis

Answer 22

obstructive->negative pressure->edema, inflammation
sedation: anxiolytic tranquilizer - acepromazine
hyperthermia: cool down
oxygenation: mask, catheter, endotracheal tube
decrease oedema, inflam: furosemide, gcc
surgical treatment

Question 23

laryngeal collapse

Answer 23

stridor, collapse, respiratory distress
sedate, furosemide, gcc, oxygen, surgery

brachycephalic: secondary to other issues(stenotic nares, elongated soft palate)
long time negative pressure- laryngeal cartilage weaken and collapse

Question 24

laryngeal neoplasia

Answer 24

cat: SCC, dog: malignant epithelial tumor
dysphonia, gagging, cough, resp distress
laryngoscopy, biopsy
surgery

Question 25

diseases of the pharynx

Answer 25

Foreign bodies
Retropharyngeal abscess
Nasopharyngeal polyps
Nasopahryngeal stenosis

Question 26

Foreign bodies

Answer 26

More common in dogs

Causes: Bones, wooden sticks

Signs: Sudden salivation, pain, dysphagia, dyspnea

Treatment: Rhinoscopy

Question 27

Retropharyngeal abscess

Answer 27

Due to migrating FB

Signs: Sudden salivation, fever, dysphagia, painful neck

Diagnosis: Difficult to diagnose, can see an elevation of WBC

Question 28

Nasopharyngeal polyps

Answer 28

Common in cats:

Signs: Extended neck, open mouth breathing due to obstruction

Diagnosis: Rhinoscopy

Treatment: Surgical = ventral rhinotomy and bulla osteotomy + prednisolone

Question 29

Nasopharyngeal stenosis

Answer 29

More common in young cats, but still rare

Signs: Open mouth breathing

Diagnosis: Endoscopy

Treatment: Surgical = balloon dilation

Question 30

Diseases of soft palate

Answer 30

Elongated soft palate
Cleft palate
Soft palate hypoplasia