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Anatomy and Physiology > 40A - Lecture - Chapter #6 > Flashcards

40A - Lecture - Chapter #6 Flashcards

0
Q

Support function of skeletal system

A

Framework which support skeletal muscle attachment

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1
Q

Functions of Bone and Skeletal System

A
  1. Support
  2. Protection
  3. Movement
  4. Mineral homeostasis
  5. Blood cell reproduction
  6. Triglyceride storage
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2
Q

Protection function of skeletal system

A

Protects internal soft tissue

Ex: skull -> brain

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3
Q

Movement function of skeletal system

A

Skeletal muscles contract (work, shorten). Puts tension on tendon that is attached to skeleton to move skeletal framework

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4
Q

Mineral homeostasis function of skeletal system

A

Store and release minerals; specifically calcium and phosphate

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5
Q

Blood cell reproduction function of skeletal system

A

In certain areas of long bones there is red bone marrow

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6
Q

Hemopoiesis

A

Process to make Red blood cell. Gives rise to all blood cells within long bones

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7
Q

Triglyceride storage function of skeletal system

A

Yellow bone marrow within medullary cavity in long bones

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8
Q

Diaphysis

A

Middle section of long bone

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9
Q

Epiphysis

A

Proximal and distal end of long bones
Spongy bone internally
RBM fills area in spongy bone

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10
Q

Metaphysis

A

Between diaphysis and epiphysis in long bones
Made of spongy bone
Contains epiphyseal plate and eventually epiphyseal line

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11
Q

Growth plate

A

When plate is present one can grow in height

Eventually will ossify from hyaline cartilage to bone tissue

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12
Q

Periosteum

A

Goes around entire bone except articulation area

Contains outer fibrous layer and inner osteogenic layer

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13
Q

Outer fibrous layer

A

Part of periosteum

This is where tendons and ligaments will attach

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14
Q

Inner osteogenic layer

A

Part of periosteum

Bone cells arise and growth in width

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15
Q

Medullary cavity

A

Hallow space within diaphysis
Contains yellow bone marrow in adults
This cavity will lower weight of bone

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16
Q

Endosteum

A

Lines medullary cavity

Growth in width

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17
Q

Calcification

A

The process in which minerals will be deposited and crystallized on collagen fibers and bone tissue hardness and strengthens

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18
Q

Osteoprogenitor cells

A

Originate from mesenchyme and can undergo cell division

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19
Q

Osteoblasts

A

Forms organic portion of ECM

Differentiates

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20
Q

Osteocytes

A

Maintain bone tissue

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21
Q

Where are osteoprogenic cells are located

A
  1. Inner osteogenic layers of periosteum
  2. Endosteum that lines medullary cavity
  3. Lining canals where blood vessels are present
  4. In spongy bone within RBM
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22
Q

Osteoclasts

A

Different from other 3
Causes bone resorption
Derived from WBC
Multi-nucleated

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23
Q

When do osteoclasts remodel bone

A
  1. Normal development
  2. Growth
  3. Maintenance
  4. Repair
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24
Q

Products that osteoclasts make

A
  1. Enzymes
  2. Acid
  3. Hormones
25
Q

Enzymes (made my osteoclasts)

A

Digest the organic protein collagen (*collagen gives flexibility to bone without bones becoming brittle)

26
Q

Acid (made by osteoclasts)

A 
Remove minerals (calcium and phosphate)
Bones become soft when minerals are removed
27
Q

Hormones (made my osteoclasts)

A

Thyroid gland: product is calcitonin

Parathyroid gland: product is parathyroid hormone; can increase blood calcium levels

28
Q

Compact bone

A

~80%

Major unit is osteon, has no gaps, contains YBM, has periosteum

29
Q

Spongy bone

A

~20%

Major unit is trabeculae, has gaps, contains RBM, no blood vessels, contains osteocytes and osteoclasts

30
Q

4 Ossification Principle Situations

A
  1. Initial formation of bone in embryo (1-2m) and fetus (3-9m)
  2. Growth of bones in infancy, childhood, and adolescence until adult
  3. Remodeling of bone: older bone tissue replacing newer bone tissue
  4. Repair fractures
31
Q

2 methods of ossification

A

Intramembranous ossification and endochondral ossification

32
Q

Intramembranous ossification

A

Starts as mesenchyme and forms sheet like layer of membrane
Process:
1. Vascularized therefore can bring osteoprogenitor cells. Will give rise to osteoblasts
2. Collagen fibers then initiates calcification and will differentiate into osteocytes
3. Makes spongy bone first and remodel into compact bone

33
Q

Enochondral ossification

A

Starts as mesenchyme. Forming bone and starts as cartilage and replaces it in most area.
Process:
1. Avascular; chondroblasts (can still divide) and forms chondrocytes (can still divide). Starting in the middle chondrocytes will hypertrophy and then become calcified cartilage
2. Becomes vascularized which brings in a blood supply and creates a primary ossification center (starts making bone towards both epiphysis)
3. Due to a blood supply osteoprogenitor cells are brought in and are still able to divide
4. Osteoblasts are made through division and will differentiate into osteocytes

34
Q

Appositional growth

A

Growth in width and diameter

Bone destroyed by osteoclasts inside and bone forms by osteoblasts on the outside

35
Q

Interstitial growth

A

Involves epiphyseal plate. Growth in long bones of proximal and distal ends

36
Q

Epiphyseal zones

A
  1. Zone of resting cartilage
    * 2. Zone of proliferating cartilage
  2. Zone of hypertrophic cartilage
  3. Zone of calcified cartilage
37
Q

Zone of resting cartilage

A

Closest to epiphysis

Anchors epiphyseal line to epiphysis

38
Q

*Zone of proliferating cartilage

A

Chondrocytes are going to divide

As long as this zone is present one will grow in height

39
Q

Zone of hypertrophic cartilage

A

Hypertrophy means cells will enlarge or increase in size

40
Q

Zones of calcified cartilage

A

Near diaphysis
Minerals will bring calcium and phosphate
Kills of chondrocytes, bring blood supplies and bones cells will convert into spongy bone

41
Q

Remodeling of bone is involved in where?

A

Bone resorption: breaking down bone by osteoclasts

Bone deposition: make new bone. Osteoblasts will make collagen fiber and bring minerals

42
Q

Factors that affect bone growth and remodeling

A
  1. Minerals
  2. Vitamins
  3. Hormones
43
Q

Vitamins that affect bone growth and remodeling

A

Vitamin A: increase osteoblasts activity
Vitamin C: increase protein synthesis trying to make collagen fibers
Vitamin D: helps absorb calcium
Vitamin K and B12: same as vitamin C

44
Q

Hormones affecting bone growth and remodeling

A

Males testes make testosterone
Female ovaries make estrogen
These increase osteoblasts activity and decrease osteoclasts activity

45
Q

Human growth hormone (hGH)

A

Made by pituitary gland. Major role is to increase insulinlike growth factor

46
Q

Insulinlike growth factor (IGF)

A

Made by liver. Will target zone #2 proliferation of chondrocytes.
IGF will increase osteogenic of periosteum

47
Q

Women cell activity before menopause

A

Increase estrogen
Increase osteoblasts
Decrease activity
Bone formation > bone resorption

48
Q

Women cell activity after menopause

A

Decrease estrogen
Decrease osteoblasts activity
Increase osteoclasts activity
Bone resorption > bone formation = osteoporosis

49
Q

Open / compound fracture

A

breaks open skin

50
Q

Closed / Simple fracture

A

Skin is intact

51
Q

Green stick fracture

A

Occurs within children

Not complete break in bone, bone is flexible and not fully calcified

52
Q

Stress fractures

A

Ex: shin splints

53
Q

Process to recover

A
  1. Reactive phase
    2a. Reparative phase
    2b. Reparative phase
  2. Bone remodeling phase
54
Q

Reactive phase

A

Blood clot, area is avascular, formation of fracture hemotoma

55
Q

Reparative phase (2a)

A

Fibrocartilaginous callus formation area is still avascular, bridge 2 ends together

56
Q

Reparative phase (2b)

A

Bony callus formation, starts making bone because it becomes vascularized

57
Q

Osteoporosis

A

Bone resorption outpaces bone formation
Cause: depletion of calcium and vit D
Treatment: increase calcium, vit d and exercise

58
Q

Rickets

A

Disease in children bones, becomes soft and rubbery
Cause: vit d and calcium deficiency
Treatment:
Increase vitamin d and calcium

59
Q

Osteomalacia

A

Adult form of rickets
New bone fails to ossify
Causes: vit d and calcium deficiency
Treatment: increase vitamin d and calcium

Anatomy and Physiology (22 decks)

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