40A - Lecture - Chapter #2

Question 0

pH of blood

Answer 0

7.35 - 7.45

Question 1

Inorganic compound

Answer 1

Do not have carbon
Simple compounds
Exceptions: CO2, HCO3, H2CO3

Question 2

Buffers

Answer 2

Help maintains homeostasis of pH levels

Question 3

Acidosis

Answer 3

Making blood will be more acidic
Patient becomes disoriented, coma, hypoventilation, enphazema
Lethal @ 6.35

Question 4

Alkalosis

Answer 4

Making blood more basic

Patient becomes agitated, nervous, muscle spams, convulsions, hyperventilation

Question 5

Organic compounds

Answer 5

Large complex compounds, has carbon

Question 6

Carbohydrates

Answer 6

Sugars, source of energy, converts into ATP

Includes: sugars, glycogen, starch, cellulose

Question 7

Monosaccharides

Answer 7

1 sugar unit, monomer

Question 8

Disaccharides

Answer 8

2 sugar units

1 monosac + 1 monosac = disac

Question 9

Glucose + fructose

Answer 9

Sucrose

Question 10

Glucose + galactose

Answer 10

Lactose

Question 11

Glucose + glucose

Answer 11

Maltose

Question 12

Polysaccharides

Answer 12

Complex sugars
10 - 100 units of sugar
Stores mole called glycogen (made up of glucose)
Things that store glycogen: liver and skeletal muscles

Question 13

Lipids

Answer 13

Fats, hydrophobic

TG, phospholipids, steroids

Question 14

Triglycerides

Answer 14

1 glycerol + 3 fatty acids
Generally not soluble in water
Function: protection, insulation, energy, competent of plasma membrane
Adipose tissue: stores fat, beneath skin
Chemical bond formed: ester linkage

Question 15

Phospholipids

Answer 15

2 fatty acids + 1 glycerol + phosphate group
Major component of plasma membrane
Has polar head and nonpolar tail

Question 16

Steroids

Answer 16

Cholesterol: starting molecule to make all steroids

Building block to make estrogen, testosterone, and cortisol

Question 17

Fatty acid

Answer 17

Used to synthesize triglycerides and phospholipids

Question 18

Lipoproteins

Answer 18

Helps transport lipids in bloodstream

Soluble, transports molecules in plasma

Question 19

High density lipoproteins (HDL)

Answer 19

Helps with health, high density lipoproteins transports express cholesterol to liver, liver gets rid of it

Question 20

Low density lipoproteins (LDL)

Answer 20

Considered bad
Good: transport cholesterol is in excess and takes to cells
Bad: when cholesterol is in excess and bonded to LDL, is gets deposited in leumen of arteries

Question 21

Proteins

Answer 21

Important structural element of a cell with important functions. Uses amino acid as building blocks

Question 22

Function of proteins

Answer 22

1. Structural: plasma membrane
2. Regulatory: protein hormones, ex: insulin
3. Contractile: muscle proteins inside skeletal muscle cell, ex: actin or myosin
4. Immunological: very specific to immune system defense proteins, ex: immunoglobulin
   * 5. Transport: lipoproteins transport hydrophobic molecules and help transport across membrane, ex: hemoglobin
5. Catalytic: enzymes, involved in making breaking molecules

Question 23

Amino acid

Answer 23

Monomers that make up proteins

20 different kinds

Question 24

Dipeptide

Answer 24

2 amino acids

Question 25

Tripeptide

Answer 25

3 amino acid

Question 26

Peptide

Answer 26

4 - 9 amino acid

Question 27

Polypeptide

Answer 27

100 - 2000 peptide

Question 28

Small protein

Answer 28

50 amino acids

Question 29

Primary

Answer 29

Sequence of amino acids

Question 30

Secondary

Answer 30

Alpha helix / beta pleated sheet

Question 31

Tertiary

Answer 31

3-D shaped (folded)

Question 32

Quantinary

Answer 32

Two or more polypeptide chains

Question 33

Denature

Answer 33

Away from natural shape which can be caused by heat

Question 34

Renature

Answer 34

Return to natural shape only under some conditions

Question 35

Enzymes

Answer 35

Proteins; involved in chemical reactions and act in synthesis

Question 36

Properties of enzymes

Answer 36

Highly specific: ex: lactase, sucrase Efficient: 1 enzyme can catalyze a substrate 600,00/ sec Under cellular control: cell goes with needs Location: intercellular fluid, plasma membrane, Extracellular fluid, inside plasma, leumen of GI tract

Question 37

Progression in making protein

Answer 37

``` 1. DNA ( in nucleus) (Transcription) 2. RNA (starts in nucleus moves into cytoplasm) (Translation) 3. "Make protein" (protein synthesis" ```

Question 38

DNA

Answer 38

Carries inherited genetic information inside nucleus Stands for deoxyribose nucleic acid 3 components: phosphate, sugar, base

Question 39

RNA

Answer 39

Ribose nucleic acid, single stranded | 3 components: phosphate, sugar, base

Question 40

ATP

Answer 40

Adenosine triphosphate | Energy for cells to recognize

Question 41

ADP

Answer 41

Adenosine diphosphate | Energy for cells to recognize

Question 42

Cellular respiration

Answer 42

ADP + P + E -> ATP + H2O

Question 43

Break down ATP

Answer 43

ATP + H2O -> ADP + P + E