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Speech Anatomy & Physiology > 4.02 - Articulation & Resonance B > Flashcards

4.02 - Articulation & Resonance B Flashcards

0
Q

What are the two Intrinsic Lingual Muscles in the Longitudinal Dimension?

A

Superior Longitudinal Muscle

Inferior Longitudinal Muscle

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1
Q

What are the four Intrinsic Lingual Muscles?

A

Superior Longitudinal Muscle

Inferior Longitudinal Muscle

Vertical Muscle

Transverse Muscle

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2
Q

What are the two Intrinsic Lingual Muscles in the Vertical Dimension?

A

Vertical Muscle

Transverse Muscle

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3
Q

What does the Superior Longitudinal Muscle do?

A

Raises the tongue tip

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4
Q

What does the Inferior Longitudinal Muscle do?

A

Lowers the tongue tip

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5
Q

What does the Transverse Lingual Muscle do?

A

Narrows the tonge

Makes the tongue skinny & pointed

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6
Q

What happens when you simultaneously contract the Superior & Inferior Longitudinal Muscles?

A

Retracts the tongue

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7
Q

What do the Vertical & Transverse Lingual Muscles do?

A

Change the shape of the tongue

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8
Q

What are extrinsic muscles?

A

One that connect with the system at one end and connects elsewhere with the other end.

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9
Q

What are the four Extrinsic Lingual Muscles?

A

Palatoglossus

Genioglossus

Styloglossus

Hyoglossus

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10
Q

The Genioglossus starts at the ______ and ______.

A

Chin

Fans out backwards into the mouth

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11
Q

What does the Genioglossus do if there is posterior contraction?

A

Protrudes the tongue

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12
Q

What does the Genioglossus do if there is anterior contraction?

A

Retracts the tongue

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13
Q

The Styloglossus connects the ______ to the _______.

A

Styloid process

Inferior sides of the tongue

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14
Q

What does the Styloglossus do?

2

A

Elevates the back of the tongue

Pulls the tongue back

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15
Q

What class of sounds do we use the Styloglossus to produce?

A

Velars

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16
Q

The Palatoglossus connects the ______ to the _______.

A

Velum

Tongue

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17
Q

What does the Palatoglossus do if you fix the part at the palate?

A

Raises the tongue

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18
Q

What does the Palatoglossus do if you fix the part at the tongue?

A

Lowers the velum

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19
Q

What are two other names for the Palatoglossus?

A

Glossopalatine

Anterior Faucial Pillar

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20
Q

The Hyoglossus connects the ______ to the ______.

A

Hyoid

Tongue

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21
Q

What does the Hyoglossus do?

A

Pulls the sides of the tongue down

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22
Q

When the Velopharyngeal Port is down, it is ______.

A

Open

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23
Q

When the Velopharyngeal Port is closed, it is ______.

A

Up

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24
Q

When the Mandible is depressed, it is ______.

A

Open

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25
Q

What is the main purpose of the Extrinsic Muscles of the Tongue?

A

To change the tongue’s position

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26
Q

What provides the main innervation for the Intrinsic Lingual Muscles?

A

Cranial Nerve XII

Hypoglossal Nerve

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27
Q

What provides the main innervation for the Extrinsic Lingual Muscles?

A

CN XII

Hypoglossal Nerve

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28
Q

What innervates the Palatoglossus?

A

Pharyngeal Plexus

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29
Q

What makes up the Pharyngeal Plexus?

A

CN X - Vagus Nerve

CN XI - Accessory Nerve

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30
Q

What may be part of the Pharyngeal Plexus?

A

CN IX

Glossopharyngeal Nerve

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31
Q

What are the five categories of the Muscles of Facial Expression?

A

Circular

Transverse

Angular

Parallel

Vertical

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32
Q

What is another word for Circular Muscles?

A

Sphincteric Muscles

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33
Q

What are the two Circular Facial Muscles?

A

Orbicularis Oris Superior

Orbicularis Oris Inferior

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34
Q

What do the Circular Facial Muscles do?

A

Constrict

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35
Q

What are the five Angular Facial Muscles?

A

Zygomatic Minor

Zygomatic Major

Levator Labii Superioris

Depressor Labii Inferior

Levator Labii Superioris Aleque Nasi

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36
Q

What do the Angular Facial Muscles do?

2

A

Go diagonally (oblique) to the corners of the mouth

Pulls upwards

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37
Q

What are the two Transverse Facial Muscles?

A

Buccinators

Risorius

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38
Q

What do the Transverse Facial Muscles do?

A

Pull straight back (like a grimace)

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39
Q

What are the two Parallel Facial Muscles?

A

Incisivus Labii Superioris

Incisivus Labii Inferioris

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40
Q

What do the Parallel Facial Muscles do?

3

A

Purse lips

Constrict lips

Pull lips towards incisors

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41
Q

What are the three Vertical Facial Muscles?

A

Mentalis

Levator Anguli Oris

Depressor Anguli Oris

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42
Q

What do the Vertical Facial Muscles do?

2

A

Push lips forward

Pout

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43
Q

The Risorius is for _______.

A

Laughter

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44
Q

What does the Orbicularis Orbis do?

A

Constrict the oral opening

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45
Q

What does the Zygomatic Minor do?

2

A

Elevates upper lip

Pulls corner of mouth upward

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46
Q

What does the Zygomatic Major do?

A

Elevates and retracts the angle of the mouth

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47
Q

What does the Levator Labii Superioris do?

2

A

Elevates upper lip

Pulls corner of mouth upward

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48
Q

What does the Depressor Labii Inferior?

3

A

Lowers the bottom lip

Pulls away from midline

Pulls lips down and out

49
Q

What does the Levator Labii Superioris Aleque Nasi do?

2

A

Elevates the upper lip

Dilates nostrils

50
Q

What do the Buccinators do?

A

Pulls angles of the mouth back laterally

51
Q

What does the Risorius do?

A

Retracts the lip at the corners

52
Q

What does the Mentalis do?

3

A

Elevates and wrinkles chin

Pulls lower lip out

“Chin buncher”

53
Q

What does the Levator Anguli Oris do?

A

Draws up corner of the mouth

54
Q

What does the Depressor Anguli Oris do?

2

A

Depresses corners of the mouth

Helps compress upper lip across the lower lip

55
Q

What muscles close the lips?

A

Orbicularis Oris

56
Q

What muscles raise the upper lip?

3

A

Levator Labii Superioris

Levator Labii Superioris Alaeque Nasi

Zygomatic Minor

57
Q

What muscles lower the bottom lip?

A

Depressor Labii Inferioris

58
Q

What muscles round the lips?

A

Orbicularis Oris

59
Q

What muscles protrude the lips?

2

A

Mentalis

Orbicularis Oris

60
Q

What muscles retract the angles of the mouth?

3

A

Buccinator

Risorius

Zygomaticus Major

61
Q

What muscles raise the corners of the mouth?

2

A

Levator Anguli Oris

Zygomaticus Major

62
Q

What muscles lower the angles of the mouth?

2

A

Depressor Anguli Oris

Platysma

63
Q

What innervates the Muscles of Facial Expression?

A

CN VII

Facial Nerve

64
Q

What creates Resonance?

A

Velopharyngeal Port Modulation

65
Q

What are the Passive Forces of the Velopharyngeal-Nasal Apparatus?

(5)

A

Muscle recoil

Cartilages and connective tissue

Surface tension

Gravity

Aeromechanical forces (resistances)

66
Q

What are the Active Forces of the Velopharyngeal-Nasal Apparatus?

(2)

A

Muscles of the Pharynx

Muscles of the Velum

67
Q

What are the control variables for VP Modulation?

3

A

Airway resistance to the flow of the air

Muscular pressure at the velopharyngeal sphincter

Acoustic impedance in opposition to the flow of sound energy

68
Q

What is the Velopharyngeal Sphincter?

4

A

Superior Constrictor

Palatopharyngeus

Levator Veli Palatini

Uvulus

69
Q

What is Acoustic Impediance?

A

How much sound pressure is generated by the molecules of a particular medium

(Air vs. Water - Water has more impediance)

70
Q

What are the five muscles of the Velum?

A

Tensor veli palatini

Levator veli palatini

Palatoglossus

Palatopharyngeus

Uvulus

71
Q

What is another name for the Tensor Veli Palatini?

A

Palatal Tensor

72
Q

What is another name for the Levator Veli Palatini?

A

Palatal Levator

73
Q

What are two other names for the Palatopharyngeus?

A

Pharyngeopalatine

Posterior Faucial Pillar

74
Q

What are two other names for the Palatoglossus?

A

Glossopalatine

Anterior Faucial Pillar

75
Q

What is another name for the Uvulus?

A

Muscularus uvulae

76
Q

What is another name for the Palatal Tensor?

A

Tensor Veli Palatini

77
Q

What is another name for the Palatal Levator?

A

Levator Veli Palatini

78
Q

What are two other names for the Glossopalatine?

A

Palatoglossus

Anterior Faucial Pillar

79
Q

What are two other names for the Pharyngealpalatine?

A

Palatopharyngeus

Posterior Faucial Pillar

80
Q

What is another name for the Musculus Uvulae?

81
Q

What are two other names for the Anterior Faucial Pillar?

A

Palatoglossus

Glossopalatine

82
Q

What are two other names for the Posterior Faucial Pillar?

A

Palatopharyngeus

Pharyngopalatine

83
Q

Do the Constrictor Muscles cover the anterior quarter of the throat?

84
Q

What is the Posterior Median Raphe?

A

The midline of the poster portion of the Constrictor Muscle

85
Q

What are the two muscles that depress the vellem?

A

Palatoglossus

Palatopharyngeus

86
Q

What are the two muscles that raise the Vellum?

A

Levator veli palatini

Uvulus

87
Q

What does the Uvulus do?

2

A

Raises the Vellum

Shortens the Vellum

88
Q

What does the Palatopharyngeus do?

2

A

Pulls the palate down

Makes the vellum smaller & more constricted

89
Q

What does the Levator Veli Palatini do?

2

A

Raises the vellum

Shortens the vellum

90
Q

What does the Tensor Veli Palatini do?

2

A

Opens the Eustachian Tubes

Is not involved in raising or lowering palate

91
Q

What is the Palatal Aponeurosis?

2

A

A tough tissue that muscles connect to

A sheet of tendons

92
Q

What does the Palatal Aponeurosis attach to?

A

Hamulus of the Sphenoid (Skull)

93
Q

Are the Palatoglossus and the Palatopharyngeus parallel to each other?

94
Q

The Palatoglossus is ______.

95
Q

The Palatopharyngus is more ______.

96
Q

What provides the main innervation for the Pharyngeal & Velar Muscles? What is the exception?

A

Pharyngeal Plexus (CN XI, CNX, and maybe CN IX)

The Tensor Veli Palatini is innervated by CN V - Trigeminal Nerve

97
Q

How does the Superior Constrictor fit into the vellar muscles?

A

When it constricts, it pulls the back of the pharynx forward making it easier to gain velopharyngeal closure

98
Q

What does the Salpingopharyngeus do?

2

A

Elevates

Raises everything up

99
Q

What does the Stylopharngeus do?

2

A

Pulls laterally

Dilates the pharynx

100
Q

The oral cavity as ______ openings and ________ impediance.

101
Q

The nasal cavity as ______ openings and ________ impediance.

A

Small

Greater

102
Q

What are the three Velopharyngeal Control Variables?

A

Airway Resistances

Muscular Compression

Acoustic Impediance

103
Q

How does Airway Resistance contribute to the Velopharynx?

A

Airflow is resisted as passageways become smaller

104
Q

How does Muscular Compression contribute to the Velopharynx?

A

Muscles have to work to counteract airflow

105
Q

How does Acoustic Impediance contribute to the Velopharynx?

A

Acoustic energy is impeded/resisted when passages are narrowed or surfaces are convoluted

106
Q

Do VP Modulations occur constantly during running speech?

107
Q

Is VP Modulation fast or slow? What occurs because of this?

A

Slow

Coarticulation

108
Q

What are Aperture Changes?

A

Changes in the size of the opening

109
Q

Velar musculature of opposing forces is activated during running speech to achieve ______ and ______ of VP port aperture changes.

A

Mechanical tuning

Smooth modulation

110
Q

What are sonorant sounds?

2

A

Those with more resonance

Liquids, nasals, & glides

111
Q

In the time it takes for one complete cycle of the fundamental frequency, there will be ____ complete cycles for F2 and _____ complete cycles for F3.

112
Q

What is a complex waveform?

A

The sum of combined simple waveforms

113
Q

When we add more sinusoids, we have a more ______.

A

Complex Tone

114
Q

A complex tone (spectrum) is similar to the tone produced by the ______.

115
Q

Voiced speech has several frequencies that are __________.

A

In harmony with one another

116
Q

F1 is inversely related to _________.

A

Tongue height

117
Q

F2 is proportional to ________.

A

Tongue advancement

118
Q

When a movement is isometric, there is ______ movement.

119
Q

When a movement is isotonic, there is ______ movement

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