2.02 - Respiration - Muscles & Pressure Flashcards
What is the Plural Linkage?
Two layers of tissues that encompass lungs
What does the Pleura connect to?
(2)
Ribs
Diphragm
The diaphragm pulls ______ slightly when it contracts.
Forward
What is the Phrenic Nerve formed by?
Nerves C3-C5
The right Phrenic Nerve goes __________.
In front of the lungs
The Left Phrenic Nerve goes ___________.
Behind the heart
Why does the Phrenic nerve have two distinct pathways?
To assure that the diaphragm works even when there is a spinal injury that prevents the ribs from working
What holds the two pleural layers together? What does this do?
Surfacant
It connects the layers yet allows the layers to move freely without friction
What are the two forces the balance lung pressure?
The force on the pulmonary apparatus to collapse
The force of the chest wall to expand
What is the Visceral Pleura?
The pleura that encases the lungs
What is the Parietal Pleura?
The pleura that lines the inner aspect of the rib cage
What is the Pulmonary Space? What sort of pressure does it use?
The narrow, fluid lined space linking the visceral & parietal pleurae
The linkage is held by negative pressure and reduced surface tension
What is Pleural Coupling?
How the pleuras are held together via negative pressure and surface tension
What does REL stand for?
Resting Expiratory Level
What is REL?
(2)
Resting Expiratory Level
When the recoil forces of the lung tissues are equivalent to the recoil forces of the rib cage
What is Alveolar Pressure?
The pressure INSIDE the lungs
Alveolar Pressure is relative to ___________.
Atmospheric Pressure
How do you abbreviate Alveolar Pressure?
Palv
What is Pleural Pressure?
The Pressure between the two plurae
Where is Pleural Pressure located?
In the pulmonary space
How do you abreviate Pleural Pressure?
Ppl
What is Abdominal Pressure?
The pressure within the abdomen
How do you abbreviate Abdominal Pressure?
Pabd
What happens when there is extra air between the pleura?
It prevents the lungs from expanding
Substances strive to achieve ______.
Equalibrium
What do we call the law that states that substances move from areas of high pressure to areas of low pressure?
Boyle’s Law
At a given ______, Pressure & Volume are _________.
Temperature
Inversely related
When the rib cage lowers, Palv ______.
Increases
(Alveolar Pressure)
When the diaphragm lowers, Valv_______.
Increases
(Alveolar Volume)
When the diaphragm lowers, Palv _______.
Decreases
(Alveolar Pressure)
When the abdominal cavity pushes forward, Valv ______.
Increases
(Alveolar Volume)
When the abdominal cavity pushes forward, Palv ______.
Decreases
(Alveolar Pressure)
There is a complicated interplay among the __________, ___________, and ________ that abides by the laws of physics.
Respiratory Strutures
Forces
Pressures
___________ are constantly a factor in respiration.
Passive forces
What are three passive forces present in respiration?
Tissue Recoil Force
Surface tension
Gravity
Muscular forces are applied ______.
Willingly
The pattern of muscular forces depends on what four things?
Inhalation or exhalation
Amount of air in lungs
What muscles are activated
The particular breathing activity
What are the two goals of the Muscles of Inspiration?
Increasing volume
Decreasing pressure
How do the Muscles of Inspiration decrease Alveolar Pressure? What does this create?
By increasing lung volume
An influx of air
Muscles of Inspiration require _____.
Muscular Force
What are the two types of Inspiration?
Quiet
Forced
What are the three muscles used during Quiet Inspiration?
Diaphragm
Exernal Intercostals
Intercartilaginous Portion of the Internal Intercostals
What are the Costals?
The muscles between the ribs
How does the Diaphragm move?
(2)
Contracts
Recoils
Why do the ribs move upwards when we inhale?
To increase volume
Forced Inspiration required a rapid elevation of the ______ via _______.
Pectoral Girdle
Muscular Contraction
Forced Inspiration increases the ________.
Vertical Thoracic Dimension
What are the five addition muscles used in Forced Inspiration?
Sternocleidomastoid
Scalenes
Pectoralis
Subclavius
Serratus Anterior
What are the three Scalene Muscles?
Anterior
Posterior
Middle
What are the two Pectoralis Muscles?
Major
Minor
What is another name for Quiet Inspiration?
Tidal Breathing
Are the Quiet Inspiration muscles used in Forced Inspiration?
Yes
Expiration requires increasing ______ though decreasing ______.
Alveolar Pressure
Lung Volume
Muscles of Expiration compress the _____ and the ________.
Rib Cage
Abdominal Cavity
Expiration may occur through either ______ or through _______. This depends on _______ and ________.
Passive Recoil
Muscles of Expiration
Lung Volume
Breathing Goal
What are the five Chest (Thoracic?) Muscles involved in Forced Expiration?
Interosseous Portion of the Internal Intercostals
Transverse Thoracis
Serratus Posterior Inferior
Quadratus Lumborum
Latissimus Dorsi
What are the Four Abdominal Muscles involved in Forced Expiration?
Exernal & Internal Oblique
Transversus & Rectus Abdominus
What does “rectus” refer to?
Central
What are Lung Volumes?
(2)
Nonoverlapping quantities
Smallest increments
What are Lung Capacities?
Measurements containing two or more lung volumes
What are the four Lung Volumes?
IRV (Inspiratory Reserve Volumes)
TV (Tidal Volume
ERV (Expiratory Reserve Volume)
RV (Residual Volume)
What does IRV stand for?
Inspiratory Reserve Volume
What is IRV?
The extra air above TV (Tidal Volume) until maxium capacity
What does TV stand for?
Tidal Volume
What is TV?
Quiet breathing
What does ERV stand for?
Expiratory Reserve Volume
What is ERV?
TV (Tidal Volume) to Maxium Exhalation
What does RV stand for?
Residual Volume
What is RV?
The air that cannot be exspired from lungs
What are the four Lung Capacities?
TLC (Total Lung Capacity)
VC (Vital Capacity)
IC (Inspiratory Capacity)
FRC (Functional Residual Capacity)
What does TLC stand for?
Total Lung Capacity
What is TLC?
All the air in the lungs
(All four volumes)
What does VC stand for?
Vital Capacity
What is VC?
The amount of air in the lungs that can be voluntarily exchanged
What volumes comprise VC?
All - EXCEPT - RV (Residual Volume)