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Speech Anatomy & Physiology > 2.02 - Respiration - Muscles & Pressure > Flashcards

2.02 - Respiration - Muscles & Pressure Flashcards

1
Q

What is the Plural Linkage?

A

Two layers of tissues that encompass lungs

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2
Q

What does the Pleura connect to?

(2)

A

Ribs

Diphragm

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3
Q

The diaphragm pulls ______ slightly when it contracts.

A

Forward

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4
Q

What is the Phrenic Nerve formed by?

A

Nerves C3-C5

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5
Q

The right Phrenic Nerve goes __________.

A

In front of the lungs

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6
Q

The Left Phrenic Nerve goes ___________.

A

Behind the heart

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7
Q

Why does the Phrenic nerve have two distinct pathways?

A

To assure that the diaphragm works even when there is a spinal injury that prevents the ribs from working

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8
Q

What holds the two pleural layers together? What does this do?

A

Surfacant

It connects the layers yet allows the layers to move freely without friction

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9
Q

What are the two forces the balance lung pressure?

A

The force on the pulmonary apparatus to collapse

The force of the chest wall to expand

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10
Q

What is the Visceral Pleura?

A

The pleura that encases the lungs

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11
Q

What is the Parietal Pleura?

A

The pleura that lines the inner aspect of the rib cage

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12
Q

What is the Pulmonary Space? What sort of pressure does it use?

A

The narrow, fluid lined space linking the visceral & parietal pleurae

The linkage is held by negative pressure and reduced surface tension

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13
Q

What is Pleural Coupling?

A

How the pleuras are held together via negative pressure and surface tension

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14
Q

What does REL stand for?

A

Resting Expiratory Level

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15
Q

What is REL?

(2)

A

Resting Expiratory Level

When the recoil forces of the lung tissues are equivalent to the recoil forces of the rib cage

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16
Q

What is Alveolar Pressure?

A

The pressure INSIDE the lungs

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17
Q

Alveolar Pressure is relative to ___________.

A

Atmospheric Pressure

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18
Q

How do you abbreviate Alveolar Pressure?

A

Palv

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19
Q

What is Pleural Pressure?

A

The Pressure between the two plurae

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20
Q

Where is Pleural Pressure located?

A

In the pulmonary space

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21
Q

How do you abreviate Pleural Pressure?

A

Ppl

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22
Q

What is Abdominal Pressure?

A

The pressure within the abdomen

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23
Q

How do you abbreviate Abdominal Pressure?

A

Pabd

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24
Q

What happens when there is extra air between the pleura?

A

It prevents the lungs from expanding

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25
Q

Substances strive to achieve ______.

A

Equalibrium

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26
Q

What do we call the law that states that substances move from areas of high pressure to areas of low pressure?

A

Boyle’s Law

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27
Q

At a given ______, Pressure & Volume are _________.

A

Temperature

Inversely related

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28
Q

When the rib cage lowers, Palv ______.

A

Increases

(Alveolar Pressure)

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29
Q

When the diaphragm lowers, Valv_______.

A

Increases

(Alveolar Volume)

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30
Q

When the diaphragm lowers, Palv _______.

A

Decreases

(Alveolar Pressure)

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31
Q

When the abdominal cavity pushes forward, Valv ______.

A

Increases

(Alveolar Volume)

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32
Q

When the abdominal cavity pushes forward, Palv ______.

A

Decreases

(Alveolar Pressure)

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33
Q

There is a complicated interplay among the __________, ___________, and ________ that abides by the laws of physics.

A

Respiratory Strutures

Forces

Pressures

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34
Q

___________ are constantly a factor in respiration.

A

Passive forces

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35
Q

What are three passive forces present in respiration?

A

Tissue Recoil Force

Surface tension

Gravity

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36
Q

Muscular forces are applied ______.

A

Willingly

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37
Q

The pattern of muscular forces depends on what four things?

A

Inhalation or exhalation

Amount of air in lungs

What muscles are activated

The particular breathing activity

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38
Q

What are the two goals of the Muscles of Inspiration?

A

Increasing volume

Decreasing pressure

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39
Q

How do the Muscles of Inspiration decrease Alveolar Pressure? What does this create?

A

By increasing lung volume

An influx of air

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40
Q

Muscles of Inspiration require _____.

A

Muscular Force

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41
Q

What are the two types of Inspiration?

A

Quiet

Forced

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42
Q

What are the three muscles used during Quiet Inspiration?

A

Diaphragm

Exernal Intercostals

Intercartilaginous Portion of the Internal Intercostals

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43
Q

What are the Costals?

A

The muscles between the ribs

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44
Q

How does the Diaphragm move?

(2)

A

Contracts

Recoils

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45
Q

Why do the ribs move upwards when we inhale?

A

To increase volume

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46
Q

Forced Inspiration required a rapid elevation of the ______ via _______.

A

Pectoral Girdle

Muscular Contraction

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47
Q

Forced Inspiration increases the ________.

A

Vertical Thoracic Dimension

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48
Q

What are the five addition muscles used in Forced Inspiration?

A

Sternocleidomastoid

Scalenes

Pectoralis

Subclavius

Serratus Anterior

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49
Q

What are the three Scalene Muscles?

A

Anterior

Posterior

Middle

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50
Q

What are the two Pectoralis Muscles?

A

Major

Minor

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51
Q

What is another name for Quiet Inspiration?

A

Tidal Breathing

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52
Q

Are the Quiet Inspiration muscles used in Forced Inspiration?

A

Yes

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53
Q

Expiration requires increasing ______ though decreasing ______.

A

Alveolar Pressure

Lung Volume

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54
Q

Muscles of Expiration compress the _____ and the ________.

A

Rib Cage

Abdominal Cavity

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55
Q

Expiration may occur through either ______ or through _______. This depends on _______ and ________.

A

Passive Recoil

Muscles of Expiration

Lung Volume

Breathing Goal

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56
Q

What are the five Chest (Thoracic?) Muscles involved in Forced Expiration?

A

Interosseous Portion of the Internal Intercostals

Transverse Thoracis

Serratus Posterior Inferior

Quadratus Lumborum

Latissimus Dorsi

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57
Q

What are the Four Abdominal Muscles involved in Forced Expiration?

A

Exernal & Internal Oblique

Transversus & Rectus Abdominus

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58
Q

What does “rectus” refer to?

A

Central

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59
Q

What are Lung Volumes?

(2)

A

Nonoverlapping quantities

Smallest increments

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60
Q

What are Lung Capacities?

A

Measurements containing two or more lung volumes

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61
Q

What are the four Lung Volumes?

A

IRV (Inspiratory Reserve Volumes)

TV (Tidal Volume

ERV (Expiratory Reserve Volume)

RV (Residual Volume)

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62
Q

What does IRV stand for?

A

Inspiratory Reserve Volume

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63
Q

What is IRV?

A

The extra air above TV (Tidal Volume) until maxium capacity

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64
Q

What does TV stand for?

A

Tidal Volume

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65
Q

What is TV?

A

Quiet breathing

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66
Q

What does ERV stand for?

A

Expiratory Reserve Volume

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67
Q

What is ERV?

A

TV (Tidal Volume) to Maxium Exhalation

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68
Q

What does RV stand for?

A

Residual Volume

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69
Q

What is RV?

A

The air that cannot be exspired from lungs

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70
Q

What are the four Lung Capacities?

A

TLC (Total Lung Capacity)

VC (Vital Capacity)

IC (Inspiratory Capacity)

FRC (Functional Residual Capacity)

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71
Q

What does TLC stand for?

A

Total Lung Capacity

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72
Q

What is TLC?

A

All the air in the lungs

(All four volumes)

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73
Q

What does VC stand for?

A

Vital Capacity

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74
Q

What is VC?

A

The amount of air in the lungs that can be voluntarily exchanged

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75
Q

What volumes comprise VC?

A

All - EXCEPT - RV (Residual Volume)

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76
Q

What does IC stand for?

A

Inspiratory Capacity

77
Q

What is IC?

A

The amount of air that can be inspired at REL (Resting Expiratory Level)

78
Q

What does IC contain?

A

IRV (Inspiratory Reserve Volume)

TV (Tidal Volume)

79
Q

What does FRC Stand for?

A

Functional Residual Capacity

80
Q

What is FRC?

A

The amount of air in lungs at REL (Resting Expiratory Capacity)

81
Q

What does FRC contain?

A

ERV (Expiratory Reserve Volume)

RV (Residual Volume)

82
Q

A muscle that has been engaged experiences _____ whih is the __________.

A

Recoil force

Pressure on the muscle to relax

83
Q

What do we look at when we graph lung pressure?

(2)

A

Alveolar Pressure (X-Axis)

Volume of air in lungs (Y-Axis)

84
Q

What does Alveolar Pressure tell us?

A

How much a muscle wants to relax?

85
Q

What do we measure Alveolar Pressure in?

A

cm H2O

(How much air it takes to displace 1cm of H2O

86
Q

What do we measure lung volume in?

A

% of Vital Capacity (VC)

87
Q

When atmospheric pressuer is the same as Alveolar Pressure, this is called ___ and the pressure is ___.

A

Equalibrium

0

88
Q

The volume of lungs at equalibrium is ____%.

89
Q

REL is at what lung volume?

90
Q

At Atmospheric Equalibrium, the lungs are _____ and there is ___ Alveolar Pressure.

91
Q

At high lung volume, there is a significant amount of pressure on the _______ to relax. This is called ______.

A

Inspiratory Muscles

Positive Relaxation Pressure

92
Q

Positive Relaxation Pressure means ________.

A

The muscles want to exhale

93
Q

When you have exhaled past REL, there is a significant amount of pressure for the ______ to relax. What is this called?

A

Expiratory Muscles

Negative Relaxation Pressure

94
Q

What is Negative Relaxation Pressure?

A

The muscles want to inhale

95
Q

What a Relaxation Pressure Curve?

A

A plot of the pressure on muscles to relax during both inhalation and expiration

96
Q

Are Relaxation Pressures active or passive?

97
Q

Relaxation Pressure = _____ + ______

A

Lung Recoil Forces

Chest Recoil Forces

(The sum of the two)

98
Q

What is Mechanical Equilibrium?

A

When the chest muscles are at rest and there is no relaxation pressure on the muscles

99
Q

Mechanical Equilibirum is at ___% VC (Vital Capacity)

100
Q

If there is pressure on the muscles/tissues to relax, then there must be ________. What are these called?

A

Some force to prevent that recoil/relaxation

Checking forces

101
Q

For positive relaxation pressure, when the inspiratory muscles want to relax, we must ___________.

A

Activate the very same muscles to counteract or “check” relaxation pressure

102
Q

When mucles want to inhale following exhalation beyond the REL, the expiratory muscles must _____________.

A

Hold the chest and lungs in the compressed position to prevent inspiration

103
Q

Checking forces must __________.

A

Counteract Relaxation Pressure

104
Q

It takes about ________ of pressure to sustain speech

105
Q

Are the abdominal muscles usually needed for normal/passive expiration?

106
Q

During sustained phonation, Lung Volume _______.

A

Dramatically decreases

107
Q

During sustained phonation, Alveolar Pressure ________.

A

Stays constant

108
Q

During sustained phonation, Rib Cage Wall Pressure _______.

A

Becomes smaller

109
Q

During sustained phonation, Abdominal Wall Volume _______.

A

Becomes smaller

110
Q

Sustained Phonation requires _______ to maintain _________.

A

Constant subglottal pressure

Constant loudness

111
Q

What is another name for subglottal pressure?

A

Alveolar pressure

112
Q

In Connected Speech the airway is _____ and _____ due to the ________.

A

Constricted

Chopped up

Consonants

113
Q

In Connected Speech, subglottal pressure demands _____ and loudness _______________.

A

Vary

Changes with message

114
Q

If I am yelling, I am using ______ pressure

115
Q

If I am sucking on a straw, I am using ______ pressure

116
Q

Since the trachea is essentially a ______, the subglottal pressure of the vocal folds is approximately equal to ____________.

A

Closed tube

Alveolar pressure

117
Q

Loud speech uses _____ alveolar pressure.

A

High targeted

118
Q

Quiet speech uses _____ alveolar pressure.

A

Low targeted

119
Q

When a LOUD Speaker has a LARGE lung volume, there is _____ Muscle Pressure.

120
Q

When a LOUD Speaker has a LARGE lung volume, there is _____ Checking Forces.

121
Q

When a LOUD Speaker has a SMALL (LOW) lung volume, there is _____ Muscle Pressure.

122
Q

When a Loud Speaker has a SMALL (LOW) lung volume, there is _____ Checking Forces.

123
Q

When a QUIET Speaker has a LARGE lung volume, there is _____ Muscle Pressure.

124
Q

When a Quiet Speaker has a LARGE lung volume, there is _____ Checking Forces.

125
Q

When a Quiet Speaker has a SMALL (LOW) lung volume, there is _____ Muscle Pressure.

126
Q

When a Quiet Speaker has a SMALL (LOW) lung volume, there is _____ Checking Forces.

127
Q

If you have more inspiratory muscluature, you are using ______ checking forces.

128
Q

More expiratory effort means _______ checking forces.

129
Q

Relaxation pressure refers to _________.

(2)

A

Recoil force

Gravity

130
Q

Who activates more inspiratory musculature at 80% VC: a quiet or a loud speaker?

131
Q

Who exerts more checking force at 90% VC: a quiet or a loud speaker?

132
Q

Who exerts more relaxation pressure at 40% VC: a quiet or a loud speaker?

133
Q

Who exerts more expiratory effort at 30% VC: a quiet or a loud speaker?

134
Q

Who generates more alveolar pressure: a quiet or a loud speaker?

135
Q

Who generates higher subglottal pressure: a quiet or a loud speaker?

136
Q

Label the following:

A

A = Maximum Inspiration

B = Relaxation

C = Maximum Expiration

137
Q

Label the following:

A

A = Pressure on exhalation muscles to relax

B = Pressure on the inhalation muscles to relax

138
Q

Label the following:

A

A = Utterance

B = Relaxation

C = Inspiratory Effort

D = Expiratory Effort

139
Q

Label the following:

A

A = Diaphragm

B = Rib Cage Wall (Inspiratory)

C = Rib Cage Wall (Expiratory)

D = Abdominal Wall

140
Q

Label the following:

A

A = Conversation Speaking

B = Loud Speaking

141
Q

Label the following:

A

A = Transdiaphragmatic pressure

B = Alveolar pressure

C = Pleural pressure

D = Abdominal pressure

142
Q

Label the following:

A

A = Vigorous vomiting

B = Classical singing

C = Conversational speaking

D = Resting tidal breathing

143
Q

Label the following:

A

A = Maximum inspiration

B = Vigorous yawning (inspiration)

C = Classical singing (inspiration)

144
Q

Label the following:

A

A = Conversational speaking (inspiration)

B = Resting tidal breathing

C = Relaxation at the end of a quiet breath

145
Q

Label the following:

A

A = Vigorous laughing (expiration)

B = Maximum expiration

C = Unusable range

146
Q

Label the following:

A

A = IRV (Inspiratory Reserve Capacity)

B = TV (Tidal Volume)

C = ERV (Expiratory Reserve Capacity)

D = RV (Residual Capacity)

147
Q

Label the following:

A

A = Maximum inspiration

B = Resting level

C = Maximum expiration

148
Q

Label the following:

A

A = TLC ( Total Lung Capacity)

B = IC (Inspiraory Capacity)

C = FRC (Functional Residual Capacity)

D = VC (Vital Capacity)

149
Q

Label the following:

A

A = Lung Volume

B = Alveolar Pressure

C = Rib Cage Wall Pressure

D = Abdominal Wall Volume

150
Q

Label the following:

A

A = Fewer checking forces

B = More checking forces

C = More checking forces

D = Fewer checking forces

151
Q

Label the following:

A

A = Relaxation pressure = 0

B = REL (Resting Expiration Level)

152
Q

Label the following:

A

A = Positive Relaxation Pressure

B = Negative Relaxation Pressure

153
Q

Label the following and tell if it deals with inspiration or expiration:

A

A = Cartilaginous part of the Internal Intercostals (Inspiration)

B = External Intercostals (Inspiration)

C = Osseous part of the intercostals (Expiration)

154
Q

What is the main connection of the diaphragm?

A

Central tendon

155
Q

What does the diaphragm do?

(3)

A

Depresses central tendon

Enlarges thorax

Distends abdomen

156
Q

What do the external intercostals connect to?

A

Inferior surface of the ribs

157
Q

What do the external intercostals do?

(3)

A

Elevates ribs

Pull ribs up, out, & together

Move up & away from sternum

158
Q

What do the intercartilaginous portion of the internal intercostals connect to?

A

Inferior margin of ribs in the cartilageous region

159
Q

What do the intercartilaginous portion of the internal intercostals do?

(3)

A

Elevate ribs 1-11

Pull ribs up, out, & together

Moves up and inward towards sternum

160
Q

What does the Sternocleidomastoid connect to?

(2)

A

Mastoid

Sternum/Clavicle

161
Q

What does the Sternocleidomastoid do?

(2)

A

Elevates the sternum & rib cage

Pulls up

162
Q

What does the Scalenes (anterior, posterior, middle) connect to?

(2)

A

Ribs

Vertebrae

163
Q

What do the Scalenes (anterior, posterior, middle) do?

A

Elevates ribs

164
Q

What do the Pectoralis major connect to?

(2)

A

Sternal head

Humerus a

165
Q

What do the Pectoralis major do?

(2)

A

Elevates sternum and thus the rib cage

Pulls up on chest

166
Q

What do the Pectoralis minor conenct to?

(2)

A

Anterior surface of upper ribs

Scapula

167
Q

What do the Pectoralis minor do?

A

Increases tranverse dimensions of rib cage

168
Q

What does the Subclavius connect to?

(2)

A

Clavicle

Rib 1

169
Q

What does the Subclavius do?

(2)

A

Elevates rib 1

Pulls up slightly

170
Q

What does the Serratus anterior connect to?

(2)

A

Ribs 1-9

Vertebral border of scapula

171
Q

What does the Serratus anterior do?

(2)

A

Elevates ribs 1-9

Pulls up slightly

172
Q

What does the Interosseous portion of internal intercostals conenct to?

A

Inferior Margin of Ribs 1-11

173
Q

What does the Interosseous portion of internal intercostals do?

A

Depresses ribs

174
Q

What does the Transversus thoracis connect to?

(2)

A

Sternum

Ribs 2-6

175
Q

What does the Transversus thoracis do?

A

Depresses rib cage

176
Q

What does the Serratus posterior inferior connect to?

(2)

A

Vertebrae

Lower ribs

177
Q

What does the Serratus posterior inferior do?

A

Pulls rib cage down

178
Q

What does the Quadratus lumborum connect to?

(2)

A

Iliac crest

Vertebrae & ribs

179
Q

What does the Quadratus lumborum do?

A

Supports abdominal compression

180
Q

What does the Latissimus dorsi connect to?

(2)

A

Vertebrae

Humurus

181
Q

What does the Latissimus dorsi do?

(3)

A

Stabilizes posterior abdominal wall for expiration

Raises or lowers rib cage

It can help with Inspiration but usually is is used in EXPIRATION

182
Q

What does the External oblique connect to?

(2)

A

Lower seven ribs

Iliac crest

183
Q

What does the External oblique do?

A

Compresses abdomen

184
Q

What does the Internal oblique connect to?

(2)

A

Iliac crest

Lower ribs

185
Q

What does the Internal oblique do?

A

Compresses abdomen

186
Q

What does the Transversus abdominus connect to?

(2)

A

Vertebrae

Lower ribs

187
Q

What does the Transversus abdominus do?

A

Compresses abdomen

188
Q

What does the Rectus abdominus connect to?

(2)

A

Pubis

Sternum and rib cartilige

189
Q

What does the Rectus abdominus do?

A

Flexion of vertebral column

Speech Anatomy & Physiology (15 decks)

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