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Speech Anatomy & Physiology > 3.02 - Phonation B > Flashcards

3.02 - Phonation B Flashcards

1
Q

The anterior 2/3 of the glottis is ______.

A

Membranous

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2
Q

The posterior third of the glottis is _______.

A

Cartilaginous

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3
Q

The arytenoids are in the _____ portion of the glottis.

A

Posterior

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4
Q

The cartilaginous portion of the vocal folds are ______.

A

Stiffer

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5
Q

The membranous portion of the vocal folds creates the ______.

A

Mucosal wave

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6
Q

What is the name of the muscle in the vocal folds?

A

Thyroarytenoid muscle

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7
Q

What is the Internal Thryoarytenoid called? How far from the glottis is it?

A

Vocalis

Near

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8
Q

What is the External Thryoarytenoid called? How far from the glottis is it?

A

Muscularis

Far

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9
Q

The vocal folds are comprised of what three things?

A

Vocalis (Internal Thryoarytenoid)

Muscularis (External Thryoarytenoid)

Vocal Ligament

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10
Q

What are the false vocal cords called?

2

A

Ventricular folds

Ventricular ligaments

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11
Q

What is the entryway to the larynx called?

A

Aditus

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12
Q

What are the passive forces that influence the movement of the laryngeal apparatus?

(3)

A

Recoil forces

Surface tension

Gravity

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13
Q

What are the active forces that influence the movement of the laryngeal apparatus?

(2)

A

Intrinsic Muscles (those within the larynx)

Extrinsic Muscles (those with only one laryngeal attachment - usually to hyoid)

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14
Q

What is recoil?

A

Elasticity causing muscles to want to return to resting state

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15
Q

Can the vocal folds close themselves?

A

No. They rely on other muscles

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16
Q

Does the Thyroarytenoid aid in abduction/adduction?

A

No

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17
Q

What causes surface tension in the larynx?

2

A

Moisture

Mucosal membranes

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18
Q

What are the Intrinsic Laryngeal Muscles?

6

A

Cricothyroid

Thyroarytenoid

Lateral Cricoarytenoid

Posterior Cricoarytenoid

Oblique Arytenoid

Transverse Arytenoid

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19
Q

What does PCA stand for?

A

Posterior Cricoarytenoid

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20
Q

What does LCA stand for?

A

Lateral Cricoarytenoid

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21
Q

The PCA and the LCA attach to the ________________.

A

Muscular process of the arytenoid

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22
Q

Contracting the PCA ______. The muscles courses ______.

A

ABDUCTS

Up

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23
Q

Contracting the LCA ______. The muscles courses ______.

A

Adducts

Down

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24
Q

Does contracting the TA abduct or adduct the vocal folds? (What does TA stand for?

A

Neither

Thyroarytenoids

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25
Q

The Oblique Arytenoids ______. Contracting them _____. This causes the ______ to be ________.

A

Crisscross

Adducts

Arytenoids

Pulled together

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26
Q

The Transverse Arytenoids go _____. This causes the vocal folds to _______.

A

Across

Adduct

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27
Q

What is unique about the Transverse Arytenoids?

A

They aren’t paired. There is only one.

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28
Q

The Aryepiglottic Fibers are a continuation of the _______.

A

Oblique Arytenoids

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29
Q

The cricothyroid is a ______ in adduction.

A

Non-player

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30
Q

What is the Macula Flava?

A

The ligament at the thyroid that connects to the vocal ligament.

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31
Q

The Thyroarytenoid gets ______ when it’s contracted. This _____ the thyroid cartilage and _____ pitch.

A

Shorter

Pulls back

Lowers

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32
Q

Tensing the larynx muscles lets us put more forces in _____ allowing us to be ______.

A

Subglottal pressure

Louder

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33
Q

What is the Cuneiform Tubercule?

A

Where the Cuneiform Cartilages are embedded in the Aryepiglottic Fold

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34
Q

What does contracting the Thyroarytenoids accomplish when the vocal folds are shortened?

A

Creates more cross-sectional mass

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35
Q

What does contracting the Thyroarytenoids accomplish when the vocal folds are lengthened?

A

Increases tension

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36
Q

The Lateral Cricoarytenoid goes from the ______ to the _______.

A

Cricoid Arch

Muscular Process of the Arytenoids

37
Q

The Posterior Cricoarytenoid goes from the ______ to the _______. What does it do?

A

Cricoid Lamina

Muscular Process of the Arytenoids

ADBUCTS - Opens glottis

38
Q

What are the two parts of the Cricothyroid?

A

Pars Rectus

Pars Oblique

39
Q

When the cricothyroid muscles pull forward, the PCA muscle can act as a ___________.

A

Antagonist stabilizing the arytenoids

40
Q

What are the three Arytenoid muscles?

A

Transverse

Oblique

Aryepiglottic

41
Q

What does the Cricothyroid do?

42
Q

In what three ways are the vocal folds changed by the muscles?

A

Abducted

Adducted

Lengthened

43
Q

What abducts the vocal folds?

44
Q

What adducts the vocal folds?

A

LCA

Arytenoids

45
Q

What lengthens the vocal folds?

A

CA (Cricoarytenoid)

CT (Cricothyroid)

46
Q

What is cross sectional mass?

47
Q

Are there any bone to bone attachments in the larynx?

48
Q

What do the Extrinsic Muscles do in the Larynx?

3

A

Suspend the hyo-laryngeal complex in the neck

Can elevate or depress larynx

Can move larynx anteriorly

49
Q

What are the three extrinsic laryngeal muscles?

A

Thyrohyoid

Sternothyroid

Inferior constrictor

50
Q

What does the Thyrohyoid do?

2

A

Pulls the hyoid down

Pulls larynx up

51
Q

What does the Sternothyroid do?

A

Lowers larynx

52
Q

What does the Inferior Constrictor connect?

53
Q

What does the Inferior Constrictor do?

3

A

Constricts inwards

Squeezes

Can pull back of muscle forward

54
Q

What is buried in the Inferior Constrictor? Where does it course to?

A

Thyroid

Pharyngeal wall

55
Q

What are the Supplemental Neck muscles?

4

A

Digastric (Anterior & Posterior)

Sternohyoid

Mylohyoid

Omohyoid (Anterior & Posterior)

56
Q

What are the Supplemental Tongue muscles?

A

Stylohyoid

Hyoglossus

Genioglossus

Geniohyoid

57
Q

What do the Digastrics connect?

A

The lower jaw to the hyoid

58
Q

What does the Mylohyoid connect?

A

Mandible to Hyoid

59
Q

What happens the the Mylohyoid as you age?

A

It can sag

60
Q

Where is the Genioglossus?

A

At the front of the chin

61
Q

What does the Stylohyoid connect?

A

Base of the hyoid to the Stylo process (intrusion behind the tongue)

62
Q

What does the Hyoglossis connect?

A

Tongue to Hyoid

63
Q

The vagus nerve is cranial nerve _____.

64
Q

What are the three branches of the Vagus Nerve?

A

Pharyngeal branch

Superior laryngeal branch

Recurrent laryngeal branch

65
Q

What does the Pharyngeal Branch of the Vagus Nerve innervate?

A

Pharynx

Soft Palate

66
Q

What are the two parts to the Superior Laryngeal Branch of the Vagus Nerve?

A

Internal

External

67
Q

What does the INTERNAL Superior Laryngeal Branch of the Vagus Nerve innervate?

A

Sensory input from the region ABOVE the vocal folds

68
Q

What does the EXTERNAL Superior Laryngeal Branch of the Vagus Nerve innervate?

A

Motor output to the Cricothyroid

69
Q

What does the Recurrent Laryngeal Branch of the Vagus Nerve innervate?

A

Sensory input to the vocal folds

Sensory input to the area BELOW the vocal folds

Motor output to all the muscles except the Cricothyroid

70
Q

Which part of the Vagus Nerve is asymmetrical? Why?

A

Recurrent Laryngeal Branch

It has to wrap around different aspects of the heart

71
Q

What part of the Vagus Nerve lets me know about a sore throat?

A

Superior Laryngeal Branch

72
Q

What part of the Vagus Nerve lets me know I’m choking?

A

Recurrent Laryngeal Branch

73
Q

What are the two efferent (motor) innervations of the larynx?

A

External Branch of the Superior Laryngeal Nerve

Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve

74
Q

What are the two afferent (sensory) innervations of the larynx?

A

Internal Branch of the Superior Laryngeal Nerve

Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve

75
Q

What other five nerves provide extrinsic and supplemental muscular innervation?

A

CN V

CN VII

CN IX

CN XII

Cervical Spinal Nerves

76
Q

What is CN V? What does it innervate?

A

Trigemingal Nerve

Chewing (Phonation)

77
Q

What is CN VII? What does it innervate?

A

Facial Nerve

Face

78
Q

What is CN IX? What does it innervate?

A

Glossopharyngeal Nerve

Pharynx (Sensory for back third of tongue)

79
Q

What is CN XII? What does it innervate? What does it pass through?

A

Hypoglossal Nerve

Tongue

Jugular Vein & Carotid Artery

80
Q

What is the Neurochronaxic Theory?

A

That vocal fold vibration is caused by neural impulses & muscle movement

81
Q

Who came up with the Neurochronaxic Theory? When?

A

Husson

1950

82
Q

What are the problems with the Neurochronaxic Theory?

A

Airflow is not necessary

Vagus nerve is not symmetrical so impulses would not arrive together

83
Q

What is the Myoelastic-Aerodynamic Theory?

A

Vocal fold vibration is due to a complex interaction between muscles, recoil and air flow

84
Q

How does the Myoelastic-Aerodynamic Theory work?

3

A

Subglottal pressure causes the vocal folds to be blown apart

Elastic recoil causes them to come back together

Bernoulli Force - air creates negative pressure pulling the vocal folds together

85
Q

Who came up with the Myoelastic-Aerodynamic Theory? When?

A

Muller & van den Berg

1843 & 1958

86
Q

What is the Mucoviscoelastic-Aerodynamic Theory?

A

Incorporates the muscosal wave with vertical phase difference

87
Q

What is the Vertical Phase Difference?

A

Vocal folds are blown open starting with the bottom

Vocal folds close starting at the bottom

88
Q

What is the Horizontal Phase Difference?

A

When phonating, the vocal folds open from the center first and close the center last

89
Q

What can cause differences in glottal size and shape?

A

Gender

Neck length

Etc.

Speech Anatomy & Physiology (15 decks)

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