3.03 - Phonation C Flashcards
What three things can cause adjustments to the Laryngeal Apparatus?
Vocal Fold Vibration (Phonation)
Glottal Size & Shape
Vocal Fold length, stiffness, & tension
What five things affect Phonation?
Vocal fold adduction
Generation of subglottal pressure
Vertical Phase Difference
Horizontal Phase Difference
Muscosal Wave
The vocal folds are adducted and held in place by what three things?
Muscular force
Surface tension
Gravity
Alveolar pressure is raised by volume ______.
Compression
_____ builds up and blows apart the vocal folds.
Subglottal pressure
_____ start to bring the vocal fold back together.
Recoild forces
Air flow begins to diverge, decreasing pressure, and sucking the vocal folds back together. What is this called?
Bernoulli effect
What might you be doing if you have no glottis?
Coughing
Thoracic fixation
What might you be doing if you have a small glottis?
Breathing
What is the difference between Vocal Fold Length and Effective Vocal Fold Length?
Vocal Fold Length = Anatomical length
Effective Vocal Fold Length = What’s being used. What’s vibrating.
What is Medial Compression?
When the vocal folds are pressed tightly together
What is needed when there is more Medial Compression?
More subglottal pressure to blow them apart
Do you need more Medial Compression when you are being loud or when you are being soft?
Loud
What muscles create Medial Compression?
LCA
Oblique Arytenoid
Transverse Arytenoid
What is tension?
How tight something is
What does increased tension cause?
Higher pitch
What will cause more tension in the vocal folds?
Lengthening
What is Stiffness?
How much something moves in response to a given force
What will increasing stiffness cause?
2
Increase in loudness
Lowers pitch
Are swollen vocal folds more tense or more stiff?
More stiff
What is the main muscle that lengthens the vocal folds
Cricothyroid
What muscles creates vocal fold stiffness?
Pars Rectus Cricothyroid
Thyroarytenoid
PCA (Antagonis
What are the three types of sound created by the vocal folds?
Pop (glottal stop)
Turbulence (hissing)
Quasiperiodic (buzzing, holding a tone)
What are the three parameters of the glottal tone?
F0
SPL (sound pressure level)
HNR (harmonic to noise ratio)
What does HNR change?
Voice quality
What is another word for harmonics?
Overtones
What four things change F0?
Stiffness of the vocal folds
Effective vibrating mass
Longitudinal tension (tension along length)
“Vertical Height”
What can raise F0?
Increase in vocal fold length
Decrease in cross sectional mass
Increase in longitudinal tension
Laryngeal elevators (raise larynx)
What muscles can cause an increase in vocal fold length?
Cricothyroid (pulls thyroid forward and down)
What muscles can cause a decrease in cross sectional area?
Pars rectus cricothyroid
What muscles can cause an increase in longitudinal tension?
Thyroarytenoid w/ PCA as antagonis
What lowers F0?
When pitch is near the lower limits of the pitch range
When the vocal folds relax thus increasing mass
Laryngeal depressors
What causes glottal fry?
Speaking a pitch too low for your anatomy
What happens when the muscularis contracts unopposed?
It lowers pitch
What vocal fold layer holds the vocal ligament?
Intermediate lamina properia
Deep lamina properia
Does pitch stay consistent in conversation?
No
What are the three voice registers?
Pulse
Modal
Loft
What is the Pulse Register?
3
Low end of frequency range
High in harmonics
Low in sound pressure
What is the Modal Register?
3
Mid Range
“Chest Voice”
Lower part of this range used in typical speech
What is the Loft Register?
High end of frequency range
Low in harmonics
High in sound pressure
“Head voice” / Falsetto
We need more ____ to raise pitch.
Pressure
What is Optimal Pitch?
3
Where your voice pitch should be
1/4 octave above lowest frequency
1/3 of the way up your range
What is Optimal Pitch based on?
Frequencies of throat clearing or coughing
What is Habitual Pitch?
The pitch you normally speak at
Can be abnormally high or low
Can psychological factors affect pitch?
Yes
Sound pressure level relates primarily to ______ and the _______.
Subglottal pressure
Duration of the phrase
The _____ the vocal folds are held together the _____ it is to be loud.
Longer
Easier
Loudness is a _______ Correlate. What does this mean?
Psychophysical
You can experience it
What three things changes glottal tone intensity?
Subglottal pressure
Duration of the phrase
Medial Compression
Loud speech needs a longer ____ phase.
Closed
When the vocal folds are stretched/lengthened, there is increased ________
Longitudinal tension
If vocal fold stretching is opposed by the Thryoarytenoid without affect length, what happens? What do we call this?
Maximum tension
Opposed contraction of the muscle
What happens when the Cricothyroid and Thyroarytenoid are activated simultaneously?
Both loudness and pitch can increase
Does amplitude stay consistent in conversational speech?
No
What are some different Vocal Qualities?
Harshness
Breathiness
Stidentness
Roughness
Lightness
Smoothness
Clearness
Hoarseness
What causes changes in Vocal Quality?
Longitudinal tension
Mass per unit length
Medial Compression
Subglottal pressure
Symmetry of the vocal folds
What is the the more important cause of vocal quality?
Symmetry of the vocal folds
Can we measure vocal quality by machine?
No
The vocal fold layers begin at the _____ and taper off as they reach the wall of the _____.
Cricoid cartilage
Ventricule
What is a lesion that can decrease body stiffness relative to the cover?
Flaccid paralysis
What is two lesions that can increase vocal fold body stiffness?
Spastic paralysis
Spasmodic dysphonia
What are four legions that can affect the vocal fold cover?
Nodules
Polyps
Papilloma
Reinke’s Edema
