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Speech Anatomy & Physiology > 1.06 - PNS - Neurology of Communication > Flashcards

1.06 - PNS - Neurology of Communication Flashcards

1
Q

Where do peripheral nerves originate?

(2)

A

Brainstem nuclei

Spinal Cord nuclei

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2
Q

The axons and dendrites of the brainstem are called? Of the spinal cord nuclei?

A

Cranial Nerves

Spinal Nerves

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3
Q

What does LMN stand for?

A

Lower Motor Neuron

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4
Q

Cranial Nerves are ______, ______, or ______.

A

Sensory or Motor

Motor Only

Sensory Only

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5
Q

Where are Cranial LMNs located?

A

Brainstem nuclei

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6
Q

Where do Cranial Nerves exit?

A

Through holes in the cranium (brain)

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7
Q

What do Cranial Nerves innervate?

A

Structures of the head and spine

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8
Q

Spinal Nerves are ________.

A

Sensory AND Motor

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9
Q

Where are Spinal LMNs located?

A

In the spinal cord

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10
Q

Where do Spinal Nerves exit?

A

Through holes in the vertebrae

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11
Q

What do Spinal Nerves innervate?

A

Structures of the limbs and torso

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12
Q

How many Cranial Nerves are there?

A

12

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13
Q

What is Cranial Nerve V? What is its focus?

A

Trigeminal

Chewing

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14
Q

What is Cranial Nerve VII? What is its focus?

A

Facial

Facial Expression

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15
Q

What is Cranial Nerve VIII? What is its focus?

A

Auditory-Vestibular

Hearing & Balance

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16
Q

What is Cranial Nerve IX? What is its focus?

A

Glossopharyngeal

Tongue & Palate

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17
Q

What is Cranial Nerve X? What is its focus?

A

Vagus

Pharynx & Larynx

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18
Q

What is Cranial Nerve XI? What is its focus?

A

Spinal Accessory

Neck

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19
Q

What is Cranial Nerve XII? What is its focus?

A

Hypoglossal

Tongue

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20
Q

What are the five Spinal Nerves

A

Cervical

Thoracic

Lumbar

Sacral

Coccygeal

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21
Q

What Component of Speaking generates intent?

A

Cognitive-Linguistic Processes

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22
Q

What Component of Speaking generates verbal symbols?

A

Cognitive-Linguistic Processes

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23
Q

What Component of Speaking organizes verbal symbols?

A

Cognitive-Linguistic Processes

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24
Q

What Component of Speaking retains verbal symbols in memory?

A

Cognitive-Linguistic Processes

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25
Q

What Component of Speaking is primarily based in the frontal lobe?

A

Cognitive-Linguistic Processes

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26
Q

What Component of Speaking translates verbal symbols into sensorimotor score?

A

Sensorimotor Planning/Programming

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27
Q

What Component of Speaking designates muscle activation patterns?

A

Sensorimotor Planning/Programming

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28
Q

What Component of Speaking stores expected feedback?

A

Sensorimotor Planning/Programming

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29
Q

What Component of Speaking is based in Broca’s Area?

A

Sensorimotor Planning/Programming

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30
Q

What Component of Speaking is based in the Prefrontal Cortex?

A

Sensorimotor Planning/Programming

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31
Q

What Component of Speaking is based in the Premotor Area?

A

Sensorimotor Planning/Programming

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32
Q

What Component of Speaking activates motor neurons?

A

Neuromuscular Execution

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33
Q

What Component of Speaking creates muscle contractions?

A

Neuromuscular Execution

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34
Q

What Component of Speaking generates movement?

A

Neuromuscular Execution

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35
Q

What Component of Speaking generates and regulates subglottal pressure?

A

Neuromuscular Execution

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36
Q

What Component of Speaking moves the articulators to modulate position, shape, cross-sectional area, constrictions over time?

A

Neuromuscular Execution

37
Q

What Component of Speaking creates acoustic output?

A

Neuromuscular Execution

(Speech)

38
Q

What Component of Speaking is based in the Motor Cortex?

A

Neuromuscular Execution

39
Q

The UMN are _______ whose pathway goes from _________ or _________.

A

Nerve Tracts

Cortex to Cranial Nerves

Cortex to Spinal Nerves

40
Q

The LMN are ________. They are either _____ or _____. Their final destination is ______.

A

Nerves

Cranial (come from brainstem)

Spinal (come from spinal cord)

Muscle

41
Q

The Corticospinal tract starts with ______.

A

The motor nuclei in the cortex

42
Q

Where does the Corticospinal Tract go after it leaves the motor nuclei in the cortex?

A

Axon pathways for the Corona Radiata

43
Q

Where does the Corticospinal Tract go after the Corona Radiata?

A

The fibers consolidate into the Internal Capsule

44
Q

Where does the Corticospinal Tract go after the Internal Capsule?

A

The fibers descend to the level of Medulla

45
Q

Where does the Corticospinal Tract go after the Medulla?

A

Most will decussate at the Pyramids of the Medulla

46
Q

Where does the Corticospinal Tract go after it decussates at the Pyramids of the Medulla?

A

Descends the contralateral spinal cord as either the Lateral or Anterior Horns

47
Q

Where does the Corticospinal Tract go after it descends the contralateral spinal cord (Lateral/Anterior Horns)?

A

It synapses on the spinal nerve nuclei (grey matter)

48
Q

What is the ultimate pathway of the Corticospinal Tract?

A

From Cortex to Spinal Nerve Nuclei

49
Q

Where is the Corticobulbar Tract located?

A

In the brainstem

50
Q

What is the ultimate pathway of the Corticobulbar Tract?

A

From the Cortex to the Cranial Nerve Nuclei

51
Q

Where does the Corticobulbar Tract originate?

A

With the motor nuclei in the cortex

52
Q

Where does the Corticobulbar Tract go after it leaves the motor nuclei in the cortex?

A

To to axon pathways in the Corona Radiata

53
Q

Where does the Corticobulbar Tract go after it leaves the Corona Radiata?

A

The fibers consolidate into the Internal Capsule

54
Q

Where does the Corticobulbar Tract go after it leaves the Internal Capsule?

A

The fibers descend to the level of the brainstem

55
Q

What happens once the Corticobulbar Tract reaches the brainstem?

A

Some fibers decussate but others do not

56
Q

What happens once some of the fibers of the Corticobulbar Tract have decussated?

A

They synapse on the Cranial Nerve Nuclei (grey matter)

57
Q

Are the Corticospinal and Corticobulbar Tracts direct or indirect pathways?

A

Direct

58
Q

Where are the UMN nuclei located?

A

In the cortex

59
Q

Where are the LMN nuclei located?

A

In the Brainstem (Cranial Nerves) In the Spinal Cord (Spinal Nerves)

60
Q

Does the Nervous System tell muscles when to contract relative to other muscles (synergy)?

A

Yes

61
Q

Does the Nervous System tell muscles how strongly to contract and for how long to stay contracted?

A

Yes

62
Q

Does the Nervous System tell muscles when NOT to contract, or when to stop contracting?

A

Yes

63
Q

Does the Nervous System tell muscles set the patterns of contractions that will meet the goals of the message (inflection, speaking rate, etc)?

A

Yes

64
Q

Does the Nervous System require an interactive system?

A

Yes

65
Q

Does the Nervous System scale movements?

A

Yes

66
Q

Does the Nervous System update commands based on feedback (auditory, kinesthetic, air pressures, etc)?

A

Yes

67
Q

Does the Nervous System coordinate movements in time and space to achieve the desired acoustic output?

A

Yes

68
Q

What does a Direct Neural Pathway accomplish?

A

Muscle Activation

69
Q

What is the Direct Neural Pathway?

A

UMN (Cortex) ->

LMN (Nerve) ->

Muscle

70
Q

What does a Indirect Neural Pathway accomplish?

A

Regulating Muscle Tone

71
Q

What is the Indirect Neural Pathway?

A

Subcortical Structures UMN (Cortex) -> [work in unison]

LMN (Nerve) ->

Muscle

72
Q

What sort of muscle is innervated by Indirect Neural Pathways?

A

Smooth muscle

73
Q

What does the Basal Ganglia Circuit accomplish?

A

Scaling Motor Programs (How big/small to make them)

74
Q

What is the Basal Ganglia Circuit pathway?

A

Cortex (UMN) ->

Basal Ganglia ->

Cortex (UMN) ->

Nerve (LMN) ->

Muscle

75
Q

What does the Cerebellar Circuit accomplish?

A

Monitoring & adjusting movements

76
Q

What is the Cerebellar Circuit pathway?

A

Cortex (UMN) ->

Cerebellum ->

Cortex (UMN) ->

Nerve (LMN) ->

Muscle

77
Q

Both the Basal Ganglia & Cerebellar Circuits _________ before “___________”.

A

Communicate with multiple brain regions

Giving the indirect pathway their information

78
Q

The Basal Ganglia & Cerebellar Circuits influence movement but never _______.

A

Descend to the LMN

79
Q

Label the following:

A

A = Motor Area of the Cortex

B = Internal Capsule

C = Geniculate Fibers

D = Decussation of Pyramids

E = Anterior Cerebrospinal Fasciculus

F = Lateral Cerebrospinal Fasiculus

G = Anterior Nerve Roots

80
Q

Label the following:

A

A = Glossalpharyngeal Nerve (IX)

B = Vagus Nerve (X)

C = Hypoglossal Nerve (XII)

D = Accessory Nerve (XI)

E = First Cervical Spinal Nerve

F = Spinal Root of Accessory Nerve (XI)

81
Q

Label the following:

A

A = Cervical Vertebrae

B = Thoracic Vertebrae

C = Lumbar Vertebrae

D = Sacral Vertebrae

82
Q

What is this?

A

Trigeminal Nerve

83
Q

What number is the Trigeminal Nerve? What is its focus?

A

V

Chewing

84
Q

What number is the Facial Nerve? What is its focus?

A

VII

Facial Expression

85
Q

What number is the Auditory-Vestibular Nerve? What is its focus?

A

VIII

Hearing & Balance

86
Q

What number is the Glossopharyngeal Nerve? What is its focus?

A

IX

Tongue & Palate

87
Q

What number is the Vagus Nerve? What is its focus?

A

X

Pharynx & Larynx

88
Q

What number is the Spinal Accessory Nerve? What is its focus?

A

XI

Neck

89
Q

What number is the Hypoglossal Nerve? What is its focus?

A

XII

Tongue

Speech Anatomy & Physiology (15 decks)

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