1.06 - PNS - Neurology of Communication Flashcards
Where do peripheral nerves originate?
(2)
Brainstem nuclei
Spinal Cord nuclei
The axons and dendrites of the brainstem are called? Of the spinal cord nuclei?
Cranial Nerves
Spinal Nerves
What does LMN stand for?
Lower Motor Neuron
Cranial Nerves are ______, ______, or ______.
Sensory or Motor
Motor Only
Sensory Only
Where are Cranial LMNs located?
Brainstem nuclei
Where do Cranial Nerves exit?
Through holes in the cranium (brain)
What do Cranial Nerves innervate?
Structures of the head and spine
Spinal Nerves are ________.
Sensory AND Motor
Where are Spinal LMNs located?
In the spinal cord
Where do Spinal Nerves exit?
Through holes in the vertebrae
What do Spinal Nerves innervate?
Structures of the limbs and torso
How many Cranial Nerves are there?
12
What is Cranial Nerve V? What is its focus?
Trigeminal
Chewing
What is Cranial Nerve VII? What is its focus?
Facial
Facial Expression
What is Cranial Nerve VIII? What is its focus?
Auditory-Vestibular
Hearing & Balance
What is Cranial Nerve IX? What is its focus?
Glossopharyngeal
Tongue & Palate
What is Cranial Nerve X? What is its focus?
Vagus
Pharynx & Larynx
What is Cranial Nerve XI? What is its focus?
Spinal Accessory
Neck
What is Cranial Nerve XII? What is its focus?
Hypoglossal
Tongue
What are the five Spinal Nerves
Cervical
Thoracic
Lumbar
Sacral
Coccygeal
What Component of Speaking generates intent?
Cognitive-Linguistic Processes
What Component of Speaking generates verbal symbols?
Cognitive-Linguistic Processes
What Component of Speaking organizes verbal symbols?
Cognitive-Linguistic Processes
What Component of Speaking retains verbal symbols in memory?
Cognitive-Linguistic Processes
What Component of Speaking is primarily based in the frontal lobe?
Cognitive-Linguistic Processes
What Component of Speaking translates verbal symbols into sensorimotor score?
Sensorimotor Planning/Programming
What Component of Speaking designates muscle activation patterns?
Sensorimotor Planning/Programming
What Component of Speaking stores expected feedback?
Sensorimotor Planning/Programming
What Component of Speaking is based in Broca’s Area?
Sensorimotor Planning/Programming
What Component of Speaking is based in the Prefrontal Cortex?
Sensorimotor Planning/Programming
What Component of Speaking is based in the Premotor Area?
Sensorimotor Planning/Programming
What Component of Speaking activates motor neurons?
Neuromuscular Execution
What Component of Speaking creates muscle contractions?
Neuromuscular Execution
What Component of Speaking generates movement?
Neuromuscular Execution
What Component of Speaking generates and regulates subglottal pressure?
Neuromuscular Execution
What Component of Speaking moves the articulators to modulate position, shape, cross-sectional area, constrictions over time?
Neuromuscular Execution
What Component of Speaking creates acoustic output?
Neuromuscular Execution
(Speech)
What Component of Speaking is based in the Motor Cortex?
Neuromuscular Execution
The UMN are _______ whose pathway goes from _________ or _________.
Nerve Tracts
Cortex to Cranial Nerves
Cortex to Spinal Nerves
The LMN are ________. They are either _____ or _____. Their final destination is ______.
Nerves
Cranial (come from brainstem)
Spinal (come from spinal cord)
Muscle
The Corticospinal tract starts with ______.
The motor nuclei in the cortex
Where does the Corticospinal Tract go after it leaves the motor nuclei in the cortex?
Axon pathways for the Corona Radiata
Where does the Corticospinal Tract go after the Corona Radiata?
The fibers consolidate into the Internal Capsule
Where does the Corticospinal Tract go after the Internal Capsule?
The fibers descend to the level of Medulla
Where does the Corticospinal Tract go after the Medulla?
Most will decussate at the Pyramids of the Medulla
Where does the Corticospinal Tract go after it decussates at the Pyramids of the Medulla?
Descends the contralateral spinal cord as either the Lateral or Anterior Horns
Where does the Corticospinal Tract go after it descends the contralateral spinal cord (Lateral/Anterior Horns)?
It synapses on the spinal nerve nuclei (grey matter)
What is the ultimate pathway of the Corticospinal Tract?
From Cortex to Spinal Nerve Nuclei
Where is the Corticobulbar Tract located?
In the brainstem
What is the ultimate pathway of the Corticobulbar Tract?
From the Cortex to the Cranial Nerve Nuclei
Where does the Corticobulbar Tract originate?
With the motor nuclei in the cortex
Where does the Corticobulbar Tract go after it leaves the motor nuclei in the cortex?
To to axon pathways in the Corona Radiata
Where does the Corticobulbar Tract go after it leaves the Corona Radiata?
The fibers consolidate into the Internal Capsule
Where does the Corticobulbar Tract go after it leaves the Internal Capsule?
The fibers descend to the level of the brainstem
What happens once the Corticobulbar Tract reaches the brainstem?
Some fibers decussate but others do not
What happens once some of the fibers of the Corticobulbar Tract have decussated?
They synapse on the Cranial Nerve Nuclei (grey matter)
Are the Corticospinal and Corticobulbar Tracts direct or indirect pathways?
Direct
Where are the UMN nuclei located?
In the cortex
Where are the LMN nuclei located?
In the Brainstem (Cranial Nerves) In the Spinal Cord (Spinal Nerves)
Does the Nervous System tell muscles when to contract relative to other muscles (synergy)?
Yes
Does the Nervous System tell muscles how strongly to contract and for how long to stay contracted?
Yes
Does the Nervous System tell muscles when NOT to contract, or when to stop contracting?
Yes
Does the Nervous System tell muscles set the patterns of contractions that will meet the goals of the message (inflection, speaking rate, etc)?
Yes
Does the Nervous System require an interactive system?
Yes
Does the Nervous System scale movements?
Yes
Does the Nervous System update commands based on feedback (auditory, kinesthetic, air pressures, etc)?
Yes
Does the Nervous System coordinate movements in time and space to achieve the desired acoustic output?
Yes
What does a Direct Neural Pathway accomplish?
Muscle Activation
What is the Direct Neural Pathway?
UMN (Cortex) ->
LMN (Nerve) ->
Muscle
What does a Indirect Neural Pathway accomplish?
Regulating Muscle Tone
What is the Indirect Neural Pathway?
Subcortical Structures UMN (Cortex) -> [work in unison]
LMN (Nerve) ->
Muscle
What sort of muscle is innervated by Indirect Neural Pathways?
Smooth muscle
What does the Basal Ganglia Circuit accomplish?
Scaling Motor Programs (How big/small to make them)
What is the Basal Ganglia Circuit pathway?
Cortex (UMN) ->
Basal Ganglia ->
Cortex (UMN) ->
Nerve (LMN) ->
Muscle
What does the Cerebellar Circuit accomplish?
Monitoring & adjusting movements
What is the Cerebellar Circuit pathway?
Cortex (UMN) ->
Cerebellum ->
Cortex (UMN) ->
Nerve (LMN) ->
Muscle
Both the Basal Ganglia & Cerebellar Circuits _________ before “___________”.
Communicate with multiple brain regions
Giving the indirect pathway their information
The Basal Ganglia & Cerebellar Circuits influence movement but never _______.
Descend to the LMN
Label the following:
A = Motor Area of the Cortex
B = Internal Capsule
C = Geniculate Fibers
D = Decussation of Pyramids
E = Anterior Cerebrospinal Fasciculus
F = Lateral Cerebrospinal Fasiculus
G = Anterior Nerve Roots
Label the following:
A = Glossalpharyngeal Nerve (IX)
B = Vagus Nerve (X)
C = Hypoglossal Nerve (XII)
D = Accessory Nerve (XI)
E = First Cervical Spinal Nerve
F = Spinal Root of Accessory Nerve (XI)
Label the following:
A = Cervical Vertebrae
B = Thoracic Vertebrae
C = Lumbar Vertebrae
D = Sacral Vertebrae
What is this?
Trigeminal Nerve
What number is the Trigeminal Nerve? What is its focus?
V
Chewing
What number is the Facial Nerve? What is its focus?
VII
Facial Expression
What number is the Auditory-Vestibular Nerve? What is its focus?
VIII
Hearing & Balance
What number is the Glossopharyngeal Nerve? What is its focus?
IX
Tongue & Palate
What number is the Vagus Nerve? What is its focus?
X
Pharynx & Larynx
What number is the Spinal Accessory Nerve? What is its focus?
XI
Neck
What number is the Hypoglossal Nerve? What is its focus?
XII
Tongue
