40+ Flashcards
convergent evolution
reflects different species’ adaptations to a similar environmental challenge
Exchange rate is proportional to the organisms’ ______
surface area to volume ratio
______ the interchange of O2 and CO2 between an organism and its environment,
gas exchange
open systems
Blood is not contained in blood vessels
• Nutrient rich blood “open” in the body cavity
• a heart pumps fluid through open-ended vessels to bathe tissue cells directly.
closed systems
Blood contained in blood vessels
• a heart pumps blood, which travels through arteries to capillaries to veins and back to the heart.
Open circulatory system in which fluid called ______ is circulated into the spaces surrounding the tissues and organs
hemolymph
Gas exchange in spiders occurs in respiratory organs called
book lungs
Most modern cheliceriforms are_____ , which include spiders,
scorpions, ticks, and mites
arachnids
Close circulatory system gas exchange occurs in three stages:
- Oxygen intake (eg. Breathing with lungs, or water over gills)
- transport of gases by the circulatory system, and
- exchange of gases with body cells: Body tissues take up O2 from the blood and release CO2 to the blood.
A fish’s two- chambered heart pumps blood in a
single circulation.
Land vertebrates have _____ with a _____ and a ______
double circulation; pulmonary; systemic circuit.
Amphibians and many reptiles have_____ hearts
three- chambered
Birds and mammals have _____ hearts
four-chambered
thermoregulation
Process by which animals maintain an internal temperature within a tolerable range
_____ animals generate heat by metabolism
• More energetically costly
• Eg. Birds and mammals
endothermic
______ animals gain heat from external sources
• Typically tolerate a greater variation in temperature range
• Eg. most invertebrates, fishes, amphibians, and non-avian reptiles
ectothermic
The body temperature of a _____ varies with its environment, while that of a _____ is relatively constant
poikilotherm; homeotherm
Five general adaptations help animals thermoregulate:
– Insulation – Circulatory adaptations – Cooling by evaporative heat loss – Behavioral responses – Adjusting metabolic heat production
Vasodilation
blood flow in the skin increases, facilitating heat loss
Vasoconstriction
blood flow in the skin decreases, lowering heat loss
______ blood is warmed via heat transfer
Countercurrent exchange
_____ determines how much food it needs and is related to the animal’s size, activity, and environment.
bioenergetics
The amount of energy an animal uses in a unit of time is called its _____
metabolic rate
Body size influences _____
metabolic rate
Metabolic rate per gram is _____ related to body size among similar animals
inversely
anatomy
biological form
regulator
if an animal uses internal mechanisms to control internal change in face of external fluctuation
conformer
if an animal allows its internal condition to change accordance with external changes
the body tissue that consists largely of material located outside of cells is
connective tissue
which of the following would increase the rate of heat exchange between an animal and its environment
wind blowing across the body surface