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33 Flashcards

1
Q

Invertebrates

A

are animals that lack a backbone

• They account for 95% of known animal species

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2
Q

Sponges are

A

basal animals that lack true tissues

they are filter feeders

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3
Q

amoebocytes

A

cells that use pseudopodia

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4
Q

most sponges are hermaphoridtes meaning:

A

each individual as both male and female parts

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5
Q

Cnidarians are an ancient phylum of

A

eumetazoans

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6
Q

eumetazoans

A

“true animals”

animals with tissues

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7
Q

Cnidarians

A
  • jellies, corals, and hydras
  • simple diploblastic, radial body plan

– gastrovascular cavity
– A single opening functions as mouth
and anus
– There are two variations on the body plan: the sessile polyp and motile medusa

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8
Q

nematocysts

A

cnidae that contain a stinging thread that can penetrate the body wall of prey

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9
Q

Phylum Cnidaria is divided into 4 main classes:

A

Class Hydrozoa
Class Scyphozoa
Class Cubozoa
Class Anthozoa

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10
Q

Class Hydrozoa

A

– Polyp and medusa stages
– Most marine and colonial
– Common examples: Portuguese man-of-war and freshwater hydra

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11
Q

Class SCYPHOZOA

A
  • Medusa is prevalent over the polyp stage • All marine

* up to 2 meter in diameter

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12
Q

class ANTHOZOA

A 
• Includes corals, sea fans and anemonies
• all marine
• medusa stage completely
absent
• sessile; many colonial
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13
Q

sessile

A

fixed in one place; immobile.

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14
Q

Class Cubozoa

A

box jellies, sea wasps

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15
Q

Phylum Ctenophora

A

• Aka comb jellies
• Used to be grouped with cnidarians but…
– Do not possess cnidocytes
– Use “combs” of cilia for locomotion

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16
Q

lophophore

A

a crown of cilia that surrounds the mouth

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17
Q

trochophore

A

larvae that have cilia around their middle

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18
Q

Bilateriates

A
  • Bilaterian animals have bilateral symmetry and triploblastic development
  • The clade Bilateria contains Lophotrochozoa, Ecdysozoa, and Deuterostomia
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19
Q

Phylum Platyhelminthes: the flatworms

A

Triploblasts, bilateral symmetry, dorso-ventrally
flattened
• No blood vessels, no structures for gas exchange, posses a gastrovascular cavity

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20
Q

The Parasitic Platyhelminthes: Cestoda

A 
Parasitic
• Most adults infect
vertebrates
• Possesses a head (scolex) armed with suckers and hooks
• Body segments (proglottids) that break off as they ripen with eggs
• Lack digestive system
• Hermaphrodites but
cross mate
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21
Q

Syndermata

A

Rotifers
are tiny animals that inhabit fresh water, the ocean, and damp soil
– Rotifers are smaller than many protists but are truly multicellular and have specialized organ systems
– Pseudocoelomates

Acanthocephalans
are sexually reproducing parasites of vertebrates

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22
Q

Phylum Mollusca

A

Molluscs are soft-bodied animals, but most are protected by a hard shell
– Muscular foot – Visceral mass – Mantle
• Many molluscs also have a water-filled mantle cavity, and feed using a rasplike radula

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23
Q

Mollusca:

A

the 8-plated chitons

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24
Q

Class Polyplacophora

A

consists of the chitons, oval-shaped marine animals encased in an armor of eight dorsal plates; foot used for locomotion; has radula.

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25
Q

Mollusca: Gastropods (the terrerstrial molluscs)

A
  • Most have a single, spiraled shell
  • Slugs lack a shell or have a reduced shell
  • The most distinctive characteristic of gastropods is torsion, which causes the animal’s anus and mantle to end up above its head
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26
Q

Mollusca: Bivalves (two shelled molluscs)

A
  • Molluscs of Class Bivalvia include many species of clams, oysters, mussels, and scallops
  • They have a flattened shell divided into two halves
  • Marine and freshwater
  • Reduced head, paired gills, no radula
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27
Q

Mollusca: Cephalopoda (the brainy molluscs)

A

includes squids and octopuses, carnivores with beak-like jaws surrounded by tentacles of their modified foot
• Mouth with or without radula
• Most octopuses creep along the sea floor in search of prey. Locomotion by jet propulsion
• Closed circulatory system…

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28
Q

Molluscs are the animal group with the largest number of

A

recent extinctions

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29
Q

Ecdysozoans are the

A

most species-rich animal group

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30
Q

Ecdysozoans are covered by a tough coat called a

A

cuticle

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31
Q

The cuticle is shed or molted through a process called

A

ecdysis

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32
Q

The two largest phyla are

A

nematodes and arthropods

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33
Q

Nematodes

A
  • Nematodes, or roundworms, are found in most aquatic habitats, in the soil, in moist tissues of plants, and in body fluids and tissues of animals
  • Body is covered in a tough cuticle that is periodically shed as the animal grows
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34
Q

Arthropoda

A

spiders, crabs, insects (a billion billion species)

• Arthropods are the most diverse animal phylum

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35
Q

The head and thorax are sometime fused into a

A

cephalothorax

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36
Q

Other arthropod characteristics…..

A

• Evolution of flight
• Open circulatory system in which fluid called hemolymph is circulated into the spaces surrounding the tissues and organs
• A variety of organs specialized for gas exchange have evolved in arthropods
– Aquatic: gills
– Terrestrial:trachealsystem

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37
Q

Arthropoda

A

A variety of gas exchange mechanisms have developed among arthropods

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38
Q

Arthropoda: Cheliceriforms

A

horseshoe crabs!

subphylum Cheliceriformes, are named for clawlike feeding appendages called chelicerae

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39
Q

Arthropoda: Cheliceriforms

A
  • Most modern cheliceriforms are arachnids, which include spiders, scorpions, ticks, and mites
  • Six pairs of appendages: the chelicerae, the pedipalps, and four pairs of walking legs
  • Gas exchange in spiders occurs in respiratory organs called book lungs
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40
Q

Arthropoda: Myriapoda

A

• Class Chilopoda
– centipedes: 1 pair of walking legs for each body segment
– carnivorous
• Class Diplopoda
– millipedes: 2 pairs of walking legs for each body segment
– Eat decaying leaves and organic matter

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41
Q

torsion

A

a solution to life in a house with 1 entrance

snails

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42
Q

Gas exchange in spiders occurs in respiratory organs called

A

book lungs

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43
Q

class chilopoda

A

Arthropoda: Myriapoda
– centipedes: 1 pair of walking legs for each body segment
– carnivorous

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44
Q

Class Diplopoda

A

– millipedes: 2 pairs of walking legs for each body segment

– Eat decaying leaves and organic matter

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45
Q

Arthropoda: Clade Pancrustacea

Subphylum Crustacea

A 
– crabs, lobsters, crayfish,
shrimp, krill, barnacles
– 2 pair of antennae
– 3 types of chewing mouthparts
– varying number of legs; including swimmerets
– distinct larval phase: nauplius larva
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46
Q

Subphylum Crustacea

Isopods

A

include terrestrial, freshwater, and marine species

– Pill bugs are a well-known group of terrestrial isopods

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47
Q

decapods

A

are all relatively large crustaceans and include lobsters, crabs, crayfish, and shrimp

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48
Q

Arthropoda: Hexapoda

A 
• Aka the Insects (or tracheates)
– very diverse!
• powered flight
• complex array of specialized mouthparts
– 3 tagmata: head-thorax abdomen
– three pair of walking legs
– 1 pair of antennae
– 1 pair of compound eyes
– Metamorhposis
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49
Q

_____ open to the atmosphere

A

spiracles

tracheal system of insects

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50
Q

Ecdysozoa: Nematomorpha

A
  • ‘horsehair worms”
  • Similar to nematodes, but in their own phylum

parasites

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51
Q

ecdysozoan….Phylum Tardigrada

A

major extremophiles

Prevalent in mosses and lichens, where they feed on plant cells, algae, small invertebrates

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52
Q

Echinoderms

A

Sea stars and most other echinoderms are slow- moving or sessile marine animals

Echinoderms have a unique water vascular system, a network of hydraulic canals branching into tube feet that function in locomotion, feeding, and gas exchange

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53
Q

Echinoderms: Class Asteroidea

A

Sea stars, class Asteroidea, have multiple arms radiating from a central disk
• The undersurfaces of the arms bear tube feet, each of which can act like a suction disk
• Some sea stars can regrow lost arms

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54
Q

Echinoderms: Class Ophiuroidea

A

brittle stars

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55
Q

Echinoderms: Sea Urchins and Sand Dollars

A

• Sea urchins and sand dollars have no arms but have five rows of tube feet

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56
Q

Echinoderms: Sea cucumbers

A
  • Sea cucumbers lack spines, have a very reduced endoskeleton, and do not look much like other echinoderms
  • Sea cucumbers have five rows of tube feet; some of these are developed as feeding tentacles
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57
Q

The non-vertebrate Chordates

A

• Animals in phylum Chordata but NOT in subphylum Vertebrata
• Hagfishes
• Sea lancelet (Amphioxus)
– subphylum Cephalochordata – No vertebrae, but a notochord
• Sea squirts (Tunicates)
– subphylum Urochordata
– larva has notochord
– adult is filter-feeder with degraded nervous system and no-notochord

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58
Q

a land snail, a clam, and an octopus all share

A

a mantle

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59
Q

which phylum is characterized by animals that have a segmented body?

A

arthropoda

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60
Q

the water vascular system of echinoderms

A

functions in locomotion and feeding

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61
Q

which of the following combinations of phylum and description is incorrect?

A

Porifera- gastrovascular cavity and coelomate

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62
Q

which two main clades branch from the most recent common ancestor of the eumetazoans

A

cnidaria and bilateria

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63
Q

Digestion in sponges takes place in the _____.

A

amoebocytes

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64
Q

Sponges lack _____.

A

all of the above

65
Q

Sponges feed by _____.

A

filtering small particles from water

66
Q

Which one of following features is characteristic of the poriferan (sponge) body plan or life history?

A

motile larvae

67
Q

Sponges have an internal skeleton composed of _____.

A

spicules

68
Q

Three or four of the following characteristics correctly apply to the sponges. Which characteristic, if any, is NOT true of sponges?

A

all of the above are true

69
Q

All the following statements, except one, describe one particular phylum. Which description does NOT belong with the others?

A

This phylum has more species than any other phylum.

70
Q

__________ are members of the phylum __________ and feed by __________.

A

Corals … Cnidaria … using stinging cells to capture small animals that venture too close to them

71
Q

Jellies and corals are members of the same __________, all members of which __________.

A

phylum … have special stinging cells on their tentacles

72
Q

Which of the following are found in members of the phylum Cnidaria?

A

stinging cells, radial symmetry

73
Q

Many cnidarians go through both a motile and a sessile (attached) stage during their life cycle. The attached stage is called a(n) _____.

A

polyp

74
Q

Through what means do coral animals obtain their food?

A

tentacles that trap food particles

75
Q

The choanocyte of a sponge and the nematocyst of a cnidarian both function in _____.

A

obtaining food

76
Q

A distinctive feature of the Cnidaria is _____.

A

nematocysts

77
Q

An advance of the cnidarians over the sponges is _____.

A

animalwide coordination and the presence of a gut

78
Q

You are given an unknown animal to study in the laboratory. You find it is triploblastic, it is acoelomate, it has a resistant cuticle, and it has male and female gonads in the same individual. This animal probably belongs in the phylum _____.

A

Platyhelminthes

79
Q

Tapeworms are highly specialized worms that make their living as endoparasites. To which of the following phyla and classes do the tapeworms belong?

A

phylum Platyhelminthes, class Cestoidea

80
Q

Which of the following classes is(are) totally parasitic?

A

Cestoidea and Trematoda

81
Q

The proglottids of a tapeworm contain an elaborate __________ system.

A

reproductive

82
Q

Cephalopods are the only mollusks _____.

A

with a closed circulatory system

83
Q

Consider the following list of animals: giant squid, earthworm, largemouth bass, snail, tapeworm, coral, and starfish. The two that belong to the same phylum are the __________ , and their phylum is __________.

A

giant squid and snail … Mollusca

84
Q

An active marine predator is found possessing these characteristics: a series of tentacles (modified from the foot), a highly developed nervous system, and elaborate eyes. To which of the following animal classes does this organism most likely belong?

A

Cephalopoda

85
Q

You go to the supermarket and ask a clerk where you can find the gastropods. He takes you to the “weird food” section and points out a container of _____.

A

snails

86
Q

The structure of primitive mollusks suggests that this group shared a close common ancestry with _____.

A

segmented worms

87
Q

Which of the following most clearly demonstrates the evolutionary relationship between annelids and arthropods?

A

body segmentation

88
Q

Leeches are members of the phylum _____.

A

Annelida

89
Q

Earthworms are most closely related to _____.

A

leeches

90
Q

During reproduction by the oligochaete earthworm Lumbricus _____.

A

hermaphroditic individuals exchange sperm

91
Q

Which one of the following is NOT a feature of polychaete worms (phylum Annelida, class Polychaeta)?

A

water vascular system

92
Q

The excretory organs of earthworms are called _____.

A

metanephridia

93
Q

Annelids __________.

A

all of the above are true

94
Q

Animals such as ______ are the simplest animals to have _________.

A

roundworms … a complete digestive tract

95
Q

Biology deals with many kinds of worms. Which choice includes three different phyla of “worms”?

A

Platyhelminthes, Annelida, Nematoda

96
Q

The _____ include the largest number of species.

A

arthropods

97
Q

The key to the diversity and success of the arthropods is _____.

A

jointed appendages

98
Q

Sowbugs are really crustaceans, not insects. Therefore, a sowbug does NOT have _____.

A

three pairs of legs

99
Q

In insects, gas exchange is accomplished by _____.

A

a tracheal system

100
Q

The majority of animal species are _____.

A

insects

101
Q

The arthropods superficially resemble earthworms in that both groups __________, yet the two are distinctly different because arthropods, but not earthworms, __________.

A

have prominently segmented bodies … have jointed appendages

102
Q

Which one of the following shows the animals listed in such a way that their phyla are in alphabetical order?

A

spiders, jellies, squids, tapeworms, sponges, rotifers

103
Q

Complete metamorphosis __________.

A

features a larval stage that looks different from the adult

104
Q

In arthropods, molting is necessary because ________.

A

the chitinous exoskeleton cannot grow

105
Q

An unidentified species of animal displays the following characteristics: bilateral symmetry, determinate embryonic cleavage, a complete digestive system, an open circulatory system, and distinct body segmentation. To which one of the following animal phyla does this species most likely belong?

A

Arthropoda

106
Q

Which one of the following animals is most closely related to spiders?

A

scorpions

107
Q

A major characteristic of arthropods is _____.

A

a chitinous exoskeleton

108
Q

The water vascular system of a sea star functions in _____.

A

movement of the tube feet

109
Q

A starfish and a squid belong to the phyla __________ and __________, respectively.

A

Echinodermata … Mollusca

110
Q

Which one of the following statements about the phylum Echinodermata is FALSE?

A

Members of the phylum include the insects

111
Q

Sea stars and sea urchins are members of the phylum __________.

A

Echinodermata

112
Q

lining the interior of the spongocoel are flagellated _____ or collar cells that engulf bacteria and food particles by phagocytosis

what animal is this and what clade?

A

choanocytes

sponges in Poriferia

113
Q

what class and phylum are fire coral and portuguese man of war in?

A

Phylum Cnidaria and Class Hydrozoa

polyp and medusa stage

114
Q

what clade and phylum are true jellies in?

A

Phylum Cnidaria and Class Scyphozoa

medusa stage

115
Q

what class and phylum are box jellies sea wasps in?

A

Phylum Cnidaria and Class Cuboza

116
Q

What class and phylum are corals and anemones in?

A

Phylum Cnidaria and Class anthozoa

no medusa stage. colonial and sessile

117
Q

tentacles of cnidarians are armed with _____

A

cnidocytes

118
Q

cnidocytes have _____ that sting prey

A

nematocysts

119
Q

the polyp is ____ and the medusa is ____

A

asexual; sexual

120
Q 
explain the life cycle of hydrozoan Obelia.
what class and phylum?
A

Phylum Cnidaria and class Hydrozoa.

Polyps are asexual and the majority of life cycle is diploid and asexual.

121
Q

what are Turbellaria and what phylum?

A

flat worms
Phylum Platyhelminthes
Class Turbellaria

122
Q

what is cestoda?

A

tapeworms
Phylum Platyhelminthes
Class Cestoda

123
Q

what is trematoda?

A

flukes
Phylum Platyhelminthes
Class Trematoda

124
Q

flatworms are _____ meaning that they lack a body cavity

A

acoelomates

125
Q

what are parasitic species?

A

trematodes and tapeworms

126
Q

anatomy of a tapeworm

A

scolex, hooks and suckers

127
Q

scallops, clams and oysters are in what class and phylum and clade?

A

Clade Lophotrochozoa
phylum Mollusca
Class Bivalvia

128
Q

mollusks have 3 main body parts:

A

mantle, foot, visceral mass

129
Q

Ecdysozoa sheds a tough external coat called a

A

cuticle

130
Q

in an open circulatory system, what fluid is propelled through body?

A

hemolymph

131
Q

what phylum are spiders, crabs, insects in?

A

arthropod

132
Q

what are the main parts of the arthropod body plan?

A

segmented body and jointed appendages

133
Q

what phylums are deuterostomes that are invertebrates?

A

Echinoderms and Chordates

134
Q

what are Shared characteristics define deuterostomes (Chordates and Echinoderms)?

A

– Radial and interdeterminate cleavage
– Formation of the mouth at the end of the embryo opposite the
blastopore

135
Q

what phylum and class are sea stars in?

A

echinoderms

Class Asteroidea

136
Q

Why are the arthropoda so diverse?

A

Adaptive radiation; rapid development; more life cycles; lots of offspring and rapid regeneration times; potential for mutations gives them an advantage

137
Q

Horseshoe crab has special blood with _____

A

amoebocytes

138
Q

what is an example of incomplete metamorphosis

A

Incomplete metamorphasis is a grasshopper

139
Q

_____ are one of the few extremophiles in the animal kingdom

A

Phylum tardigrada ( water bears)

140
Q

Early hominins date back to

A

7.2 to 6.8 mya

141
Q

what phylum are sponges in?

A

Porifera

142
Q

why phylum are hydras, corals and jellies in?

A

cnidaria

143
Q

what class are jellies in?

A

Class Scyphozoa

144
Q

what class are hydras in?

A

Hydrozoa

145
Q

what class are box jellies in?

A

cubozoa

146
Q

what class are sea anemones and coral in?

A

class anthozoa

147
Q

what phylum are comb jellies in?

A

phylum ctenophora

148
Q

what phylum are flatworms in?

A

phylum Platyhelminthes

149
Q

what phylums are in Lophotrochozoans?

A
  1. Phylum Platyhelminthes
  2. Phylum Syndermata
  3. Phylum Ectoprocta
  4. Phylum Brachiopoda
  5. Phylum Mollusca
  6. Phylum Annelida
150
Q

what classes are in phylum Platyhelminthes ?

A

a. Class Turbellaria – free-living flatworms
b. Class Trematoda – flukes
c. Class Cestoda – tapeworms

151
Q

why phylum are rotifers in?

A

syndermata

152
Q

what class are snails and slugs in?

A

gastropoda

153
Q

what phylum are segmented worms in?

A

phylum annelida

154
Q

what phylums are in Ecdysozoans (invertebrates)?

A
  1. Phylum Nematoda
  2. Phylum Tardigrada
  3. Phylum Arthropoda
155
Q

what phylum are round worms in?

A

phylum nematoda

156
Q

what phylum are water bears in?

A

phylum tardigrada

157
Q

what are the subphylums in arthropoda?

A

a. Subphylum Chelicerata
b. Subphylum Myriapoda
c. Subphylum Pancrustacea

158
Q

what phylum and subphylum are horseshoe crabs, spiders, ticks, scorpions in?

A

Phylum Arthropoda and Subphylum Chelicerata

159
Q

what phylum and subphylum are millipedes and centipedes in?

A

Phylum Arthropoda and Subphylum Myriapoda

domain 2 (14 decks)

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