Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

domain 2 > 34 > Flashcards

34 Flashcards

1
Q

vertebrates

A

derives from the name vertebrate- series of bones that make up the vertebral column

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

chordates

A

bilateral animals and belong to clade deuterostomia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

notochord

A

longitudinal flexible rod located between the digestive tube and the nerve cord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Four key characters of chordates:

A

– Notochord
– Dorsal, hollow nerve cord
– Pharyngeal slits or clefts
– Muscular, post-anal tail

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Lancelets (subphylum Cephalochordata)

A

are named for their bladelike shape
• They are marine suspension
feeders that retain characteristics of the chordate body plan as adults

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Vertebrates have the following derived characters:

A

– Vertebrae enclosing a spinal cord
– An elaborate skull
– Fin rays, in the aquatic forms
• …but, the earliest vertebrates lacked jaws (and some even lack a backbone)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Chondrichthyes Reproduction

A

Exhibit Internal Fertilization

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

the evolution of tetrapods

A

One of the most significant events in vertebrate history was when the fins of some lobe-fins evolved into the limbs and feet of tetrapods

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Derived traits of tetrapods

A

– Four limbs, and feet with digits
– A neck, which allows separate
movement of the head
– Fusion of the pelvic girdle to the backbone
– The absence of gills (except some aquatic species)
– Ears for detecting airborne sounds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Derived Characters of Birds

A
  • Many characters of birds are adaptations that facilitate flight
  • The major adaptation is wings with keratin feathers
  • Other adaptations include lack of a urinary bladder, females with only one ovary, small gonads, and loss of teeth
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

3 groups of terrestrial vertebrates:

A

amphibians, reptiles, mammals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

most basal group of living chordates are

A

the lancelets

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

____ are more closely related to other chordates than are lancelets

A

tunicates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

the chordate characteristic of tunicates are most apparent during the ____

A

larval stage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

vertebrates are chordates that

A

have a backbone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

An animal has segments, bilateral symmetry, pharyngeal gill slits, a post-anal tail, and deuterostomic development. It must be a member of the phylum ____________.

A

Chordata

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

A ____ is a chordate but not a vertebrate.

A

lancelet

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

It appears that cephalochordates evolved by a process that involved the development of mature reproductive organs in an otherwise juvenile form. This evolutionary process is called _____.

A

paedogenesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Which of the following pairs is NOT matched correctly?

A

Gnathostomata … hagfish

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

A lamprey, a shark, a lizard, and a rabbit share all the following characteristics EXCEPT _____.

A

hinged jaws

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

A feature of bony fish not found in sharks is(are) _____.

A

a swim bladder

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

The gill flap, or operculum, was an important adaptation for fish because it helps with _____.

A

maintaining a supply of oxygen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

The first vertebrates to live on land were _____.

A

amphibians

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

The development that freed vertebrates from water for reproduction and allowed them to radiate into diverse terrestrial environments was the _____.

A

amniotic egg

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

In contrast to the traditional grouping of reptiles, cladistic analysis indicates that Reptilia is not a monophyletic group and that _____.

A

birds are more closely related to crocodiles than either is to turtles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Which of the following is NOT shared by extant birds and extant reptiles?

A

endothermic metabolism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

All mammals _____.

A

nourish their offspring through mammary glands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Which one of the following characteristics appears in mammals, but not in reptiles?

A

a lower jaw consisting of a single bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

The opossum is an example of a(n) __________ mammal.

A

marsupial

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Eutherians are viviparous, which means that __________.

A

the young develop within the female”s body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Whales and dolphins belong to the order _____.

A

Cetacea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

The two major groups of primates are _____.

A

prosimians and anthropoids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

If you were to observe a monkey in a zoo, which characteristic would indicate a New World origin for that monkey species?

A

use of the tail to hang from a tree limb

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

The earliest primates were most similar to modern _____.

A

arboreal prosimians

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Humans and the slender loris, a prosimian, share many traits that probably evolved in our early primate ancestors, including _____.

A

opposable thumbs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Humans, apes, and monkeys are classified together as _____.

A

anthropoids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

The modern genera of apes are ______.

A

gibbons, orangutans, gorillas, chimpanzees, and bonobos

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Primates are distinguished from other mammals by __________.

A

opposable thumbs, nails, and good depth perception

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Scientists who study human evolution are called __________.

A

paleoanthropologists

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Which of the following traits distinguishes hominids from apes?

A

bipedalism (upright walking)

41
Q

__________ arose very early in hominid evolution; __________ evolved more recently.

A

Upright posture … large brains

42
Q

The human skull differs from the gorilla skull in that the human skull has __________.

A

a larger brain case

43
Q

Bipedalism is associated first with what hominid?

A

australopithecines, such as Lucy

44
Q

The first hominid known to make tools is(was) _____.

A

Homo habilis

45
Q

What was the earliest hominid to have an enlarged brain (relative to body size)?

A

Homo habilis

46
Q

Homo erectus __________.

A

followed H. habilis

47
Q

Which of the following correctly lists probable ancestors of modern humans from the oldest to the most recent?

A

Australopithecus, Homo habilis, Homo erectus

48
Q

Some anthropologists think that modern races of Homo sapiens evolved from separate populations of archaic H. sapiens in different geographic areas. How, then, do proponents of this multiregional hypothesis explain the great degree of genetic similarity among modern humans?

A

The ancestral Homo erectus originally came from Africa.

49
Q

The multiregional and replacement hypotheses for the origin of modern humans agree that _____.

A

Homo erectus had an African origin

50
Q

Which one of the following statements best fits the replacement hypothesis about the origin of modern humans?

A

Homo sapiens evolved from H. erectus in Africa and then migrated elsewhere.

51
Q

vertebrates are a subphylum in

A

phylum chordata

52
Q

Two groups of invertebrate deuterostomes, ______ and _______ , are more closely related to vertebrates than to other invertebrates

A

the urochordates and cephalochordates

53
Q

_____ most resemble chordates during their larval stage, which may last only a few minutes

A

Tunicates

54
Q

Hagfishes (Myxini)

A

jawless vertebrates that have a cartilaginous skull, reduced vertebrae, and a flexible rod of cartilage derived from the notochord
• They have a small brain, eyes, ears, and tooth-like formations
• Hagfishes are marine; most are bottom-dwelling scavengers

55
Q

Lampreys (Petromyzontida)

A

are parasites that feed by clamping their mouth onto a live fish
• They inhabit various marine and freshwater habitats
• They have cartilaginous segments surrounding the notochord and arching partly over the nerve cord

56
Q

_____ are vertebrates with jaws

A

Gnathostomes

57
Q

______ have a skeleton composed primarily of cartilage

A

Chondrichthyes

58
Q

sharks have a

A

Lateral line system

59
Q

All fishes rely heavily on the _______

A

lateral line system: a series of pores and canals lined with cells (neuromasts) that are specialized to detect vibrations.

60
Q

Chondrichthyes Reproduction (sharks, etc)

A

Exhibit Internal Fertilization

61
Q

Ray-finned fishes are in which class

A

Class Actinopterygii

62
Q

Tetrapods have some specific adaptations:

A

– Four limbs, and feet with digits
– A neck, which allows separate
movement of the head
– Fusion of the pelvic girdle to the backbone
– The absence of gills (except some aquatic species)
– Ears for detecting airborne sounds

63
Q

Class Reptilia are

A

Ectotherms

64
Q

Class Aves are part of what clade

A

reptilia

65
Q

Derived Characters of Birds

A
  • Many characters of birds are adaptations that facilitate flight •The major adaptation is wings with keratin feathers
  • Other adaptations include lack of a urinary bladder, females with only one ovary, small gonads, and loss of teeth
66
Q

Mammals have

A

– A high metabolic rate, due to endothermy
– Hair
– Mammary glands, which produce milk
– A larger brain than other vertebrates of equivalent size
– Differentiated teeth
-fur

67
Q

Monotremes

A

a small group of egg-laying mammals consisting of echidnas and the platypus

68
Q

eutherians

A

have a more complex placenta. Young eutherians complete their embryonic development within a uterus, joined to the mother by the placenta
(humans)

69
Q

Marsupials

A

include opossums, kangaroos, and koalas. The embryo develops within a placenta in the mother’s uterus
A marsupial is born very early in its development. It completes its embryonic development while nursing in a maternal pouch called a marsupium

70
Q

derived characters of primates:

A

– A large brain and short jaws
– Forward-looking eyes close together on the face, providing depth perception
– Complex social behavior and parental care
– A fully opposable thumb (in monkeys and apes)

71
Q

Humans are mammals with a

A

large brain and bipedal locomotion

72
Q

A number of characters distinguish humans from other apes:

A 
– Upright posture and bipedal locomotion
– Larger brains
– Language capabilities and symbolic
thought
– The manufacture and use of complex tools
– Shortened jaw
– Shorter digestive tract
73
Q

hominins

A

originated in africa - had small brain

74
Q

homo erectus

A

first hominin to leave africa

75
Q

vertebrates and tunicates share

A

a notochord, dorsal and hollow nerve cord

76
Q

living vertebrates can be divided into two major clades. what are they are?

A

the cyclostomes and gnathostomes

77
Q

unlike eutherians, both monotremes and marsupials

A

have some embryonic development outside of uterus

78
Q

which clade does not include humans

A

diapsids

79
Q

as hominins diverged from other primates, which of the following appeared first?

A

bipedal locomotion

80
Q

which of the following could be considered the most recent common ancestor of living tetrapods?

A

a sturdy, finned shallow water lobe-fin whose appendages had skeletal supports similar to those of terrestrial vertebrates

81
Q

shark eggs are fertilized _____

A

internally

82
Q

oviparous

A

lay eggs that hatch outside of mothers body

83
Q

ovoviviparous

A

retain fertilized eggs

84
Q

viviparous

A

young develop in uterus and receive nutrients through placenta

85
Q

_____ are most basal group of tetrapods

A

Amphibians

86
Q

Why are birds grouped into the clade with the dinosaurs?

A

o Amniotic egg
o Tetrapods – reduced forelimbs
o Bones are hallow
o Birds are more closely related to dinosaurs because of modified forelimbs and feathers

87
Q

True or False: All Chordates are vertebrates. Explain with examples.

A

False.
all vertebrates are chordates but all chordates are not vertebrates

examples of non vertebrates are sea squirts and lancelets

88
Q

what is the name of the clade that includes jawed vertebrates?

A

gnathostomes

89
Q

name two subphyla within chordata that lack vertebral column

A

Urochordata and Cephalochordata

90
Q

what are in subphylum chelicerata? and what phylum is this in?

A

horseshoe crabs, spiders, ticks, scorpions

Arthropoda

91
Q

why phylum is pancrustacea in?

A

arthropoda

92
Q

what is in phylum echinodermata

A

sea stars, sea urchin

93
Q

what phylum and subphylum are lancelets in?

A

phylum chordata and cephalochordata

94
Q

what are tunicates (sea squirts in)

A

phylum chordata and urochordata

95
Q

what are jawless fishes

A

Clade Cyclostomes – jawless fishes
Class Myxini – Hagfishes
Petromyzontida – Lampreys

96
Q

what are the Cartilaginous fishes

A

class Chondrichthyes

97
Q

what superclass are the bony fishes

A

superclass Osteichthyes

98
Q

what are the clades in mammalia?

A
  1. Clade Monotremes – platypus, echidnas
  2. Clade Marsupials – opossums, kangaroos, koalas
  3. Clade Eutherians – placental mammals
    a. Order Primates

domain 2 (14 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions