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31 Flashcards

1
Q

yeast

A

multicellular filaments and single cells

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2
Q

bodies of these fungi typically form a network of tiny filaments called

A

hyphae

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3
Q

cell walls are strengthened by

A

chitin

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4
Q

septa

A

hyphae are divided into cells by cross-walls

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5
Q

two types of mycorrhizal fungi

A

ectomycorrhizal fungi

arbuscular fungi

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6
Q

mycorrhizal fungi colonize soil by dispersing haploid cells called

A

spores

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7
Q

the nuclei of fungal hyphae and the spores of most fungi are ___

A

haploid

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8
Q

the union of the cytoplasm to 2 parent mycelia is known as

A

plasmogamy

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9
Q

fungi reproduction

A

fungi can reproduce sexually and asexually

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10
Q

deuteromycetes

A

fungi lacking sexual reproduction

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11
Q

many fungi reproduce asexually by growing as filamentous fungi that produce (haploid) spores by mitosis; these are referred to as ____

A

molds

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12
Q

fungi are part of what clade

A

opisthokonts

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13
Q

fungi

A

heterotrophs that acquire nutrients by absorption

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14
Q

chytrids

A

a group of fungi with flagellated spores

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15
Q

lichens

A

highly integrated symbiotic associations of fungi and algae or cyanobacteria

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16
Q

Saprophytes or saprobes

A

feed on dead tissues or organic waste (decomposers)

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17
Q

Symbionts

A

mutually beneficial relationship between a fungus and another organism

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18
Q

Parasites

A

feeding on living tissue of a host.

• Parasites that cause disease are called pathogens.

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19
Q

Phylum Chytridiomycota

A

‘simple’ fungi
Chytrids are found in freshwater and terrestrial habitats
They can be decomposers, parasites, or mutualists

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20
Q

Chytrids are unique among fungi in having flagellated, motile spores, called

A

zoospores

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21
Q

The zygomycetes are named for their sexually produced ______

A

zygosporangia

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22
Q

Develops into zygosporangium in which _____ develops

A

zygospore

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23
Q

Glomeromycetes are a small group of

A

obligate symbionts

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24
Q

yeasts

A

• Unicellular ascomycetes
• Most reproduce asexually by budding
• Yeasts can ferment carbohydrates
– Break down glucose into ethanol and CO2

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25
Q

what are lichens?

A

Symbiotic associations between a fungus and a photosynthetic partner
• Cyanobacteria, green algae, or sometimes both
– Most are mutualistic

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26
Q

what are 3 types of lichen?

A
  1. Crustose lichens form flat
    crusty plates.
  2. Foliose lichens are leafy in appearance, although lobed or branched structures are not true leaves.
  3. Fruticose lichens are even more finely branched and may hang down like beards from branches or grow up from the ground like tiny shrubs.
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27
Q

mycosis

A

an infection in an animal by a fungal parasite

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28
Q

mycelia

A

networks of branched hyphae adapted for absorption

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29
Q

hyphae

A

the individual filaments that make up a mycelium

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30
Q

characteristics of hyphae

A
  • Tubular
  • Hard wall of chitin
  • Crosswalls may form compartments (± cells)
  • Multinucleate
  • Grow at tips
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31
Q

how does hyphae grow?

A

Hyphae grow from their tips

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32
Q

mycelia have a

A

huge surface area

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33
Q

Absorptive Feeding

A

Fungi get carbon from organic sources
– Hyphal tips release enzymes
– Enzymatic breakdown of substrate
– Products diffuse back into hyphae

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34
Q

how does digestion work for fungi

A

Occurs almost exclusively extracellularly
– Digestive enzymes are secreted across cell membranes
– Then digestion products are absorbed
– Typically the fungus grows through its food (soil or organism)

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35
Q

Nematode-trapping fungi

A

hyphae adapted for trapping and killing prey

36
Q

plasmogamy

A

union of 2 parent mycelia

37
Q

karyogamy

A

nuclear fusion

38
Q

what do molds do

A

produce haploid spores by mitosis and form mycelia

39
Q

Phylum Zygomycota

A

The zygomycetes exhibit great diversity of life histories
They include fast-growing molds,
parasites, and commensal symbionts

40
Q

Phylum Glomeromycota

A
  • Glomeromycetes are a small group of obligate symbionts
  • Form intracellular associAartions with plant roots called arbuscular mycorrhizae •Cannot survive in absence of host plant •No evidence of sexual reproduction
41
Q

Phylum Ascomycota

A

Contain about 75% of the known fungi:”sac fungi” because they produce sexual spores in asci, asexual is also common

42
Q

Phylum Basidiomycota

A

Aka club fungi, ~30,000 species •Sexual reproduction = basidia •Asexual reproduction is uncommon

43
Q

_____ fungi are decomposers.

A

Saprobic

44
Q

Molecular evidence suggests that fungi _____.

A

and animals have a common ancestor

45
Q

Fungi are said to be absorptive heterotrophs rather than ingestive ones because they ____________.

A

digest organic matter outside their bodies

46
Q

In contrast to plants, the cell walls of fungi are composed of _____.

A

chitin

47
Q

The hyphae of parasitic fungi that are modified to penetrate and absorb nutrients from host tissue are called _____.

A

haustoria

48
Q

There is a fungus in Oregon that covers 2,200 acres! The bulk of this fungus is most likely ____________.

A

mycelium

49
Q

In fungi, the function of the mycelium is ____________.

A

obtaining food

50
Q

Some scum was found growing near the edge of a pond. Under a microscope, each of its cells was found to contain two nuclei. This means the scum must be _____.

A

fungus

51
Q

Which one of the following statements about fungi is FALSE?

A

Fungal spores are diploid cells in virtually all species.

52
Q

Hyphae with two nuclei per cell are called _____.

A

dikaryotic

53
Q

Fungi of the phylum Chytridiomycota were once placed in the kingdom Protista because they have _____.

A

flagellated cells

54
Q

Fungi are classified on the basis of ____________.

A

their sexual stage

55
Q

Fungi of the phylum Zygomycota are recognized on the basis of their production of ______ during sexual reproduction.

A

a dikaryotic structure

56
Q

The tips of sexual hyphae in zygomycetes such as black bread mold, Rhizopus, serve as _____.

A

gametangia

57
Q

The asexual spores produced by members of the phylum Ascomycota are called _____.

A

conidia

58
Q

An ascus is _____.

A

a saclike cell containing spores

59
Q

Under a microscope, a piece of mushroom would look most like _____.

A

tangle of string

60
Q

in mushrooms, karyogamy results in the formation of the __________ phase.

A

diploid

61
Q

The next time you have cream of mushroom soup, you can say, “What a delicious __________.”

A

basidiomycete

62
Q

The mushroom in a basidiomycete life cycle serves the same function as the ____________ in the ascomycete life cycle, which is to ____________.

A

ascocarp … scatter sexually produced spores

63
Q

While hiking through a forest, you discover a fungus growing on the remains of a decaying tree trunk. You hypothesize that it is a basidiomycete fungus because it resembles a mushroom in shape and size. If your logic is correct, microscopic analysis of the tissue found in the stalk of this fungus will reveal the presence of _____.

A

dikaryotic cells with haploid nuclei

64
Q

The gills of a mushroom (basidiomycete) are specialized for _____.

A

reproduction

65
Q

The basidiomycete fungi produce spores _____.

A

on a club-shaped cell

66
Q

Where and when does fertilization occur in the mushroom life cycle?

A

in a mushroom, when the nuclei of a dikaryotic cell fuse

67
Q

Lichens are _____.

A

symbiotic associations of photosynthesizers and fungi

68
Q

Which of the following could NOT be involved in a lichen symbiosis?

A

dinoflagellate

69
Q

Aspergillus soyae, one of the fungi used to make soy sauce (shoyu) has no known sexual cycle. It is therefore classified as one of the ____________.

A

deuteromycetes

70
Q

You are hiking through a bog in northern Maine and notice what appears to be moss growing on the tamarack trees. On closer inspection, you see that the “moss” is composed of translucent (clear) filaments with interspersed spherical green cells. This moss must be _____.

A

a lichen

71
Q

We know the yeasts are not protists because under certain conditions they form short filaments of cells, or hyphae. Additional evidence that they are fungi is that they _____.

A

produce asci when they reproduce sexually

72
Q

During the American Revolution, the British lost more ships to ______ than to sinking by the enemy.

A

fungal rot

73
Q

A dramatic example of the pathogenicity of certain fungi is the virtual elimination of the American elm by _____.

A

an ascomycete

74
Q

ascomycete

A

a fungus whose spores develop within asci. The ascomycetes include most molds, mildews, and yeasts, the fungal component of most lichens, and a few large forms such as morels and truffles.

“sac fungi”

75
Q

what are the reproductive structures of fungi?

A

the mushroom “cap” is where the haploid spores are produced

76
Q

septa

A

hyphae divided into cells by cross walls

77
Q

coenocytic fungi

A

continuous cytoplasmic mass having hundreds or thousands of nuclei

78
Q

mycorrhizae

A

mutually beneficial relationship between fungus and plant roots

79
Q

deuteromycetes

A

fungi lacking sexual reproduction

80
Q

what clade are fungi in

A

opisthokonts

81
Q

heterokaryotic

A

cells have haploid nuclei from two parents

82
Q

what was the ancestor of fungi

A

aquatic, single celled and flagellated protisit

83
Q

all fungi are

A

symbiotic

84
Q

which of the following cells or structures are associated with asexual reproduction in fungi?

A

conidiophores

85
Q

the closest relatives of fungi are thought to be the

A

animals

86
Q

the most important adaptive advantage associated with the filamentous nature of fungal mycelia is

A

an extensive surface area well suited for invasive growth and absorptive nutrition

87
Q

conidia

A

asexual spores of the Ascomycetes

domain 2 (14 decks)

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