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domain 2 > 32 > Flashcards

32 Flashcards

1
Q

what are animals?

A

Animals are multicellular, heterotrophic eukaryotes with tissues that develop from embryonic layers

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2
Q

Bodies are held together by structural proteins such as

A

collagen

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3
Q

what is their nutritional mode

A

Chemoheterotrophs

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4
Q

This ancestor may have resembled modern ______ , protists that are the closest living relatives of animals

A

choanoflagellates

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5
Q

At the beginning of the ______ animals underwent a rapid diversification.

A

Cambrian period (535 to 525 million years ago)

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6
Q

bilaterians

A

organisms that have the following traits:
– Bilaterally symmetric form
– Complete digestive tract
– One-way digestive system

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7
Q

Kingdom Animalia is

A

Monophyletic and very diverse

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8
Q

body plan

A

set of morphological and developmental traits, integrated into a functional whole
– Symmetry: absent, present (radial or bilateral)
– Tissues: collections of specialized cells
– Germ layers: diploblasts or triploblasts
– Body cavities

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9
Q

radial symmetry

A

Parts radiate from the center, so any slice through the central axis divides into mirror images.

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10
Q

Bilateral symmetry

A

Only one slice can divide left and right sides into mirror-image halves

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11
Q

Bilaterally symmetrical animals have:

A
  1. Dorsal (top side)
  2. Ventral (bottom side)
  3. Anterior (head/front)
  4. Posterior (tail/back)
  5. Cephalization (development of a head)
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12
Q

tissues

A

Tissues are collections of specialized cells isolated from other tissues by membranous layers

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13
Q

During development, ______ give rise to the tissues and organs of the animal embryo

A

three germ layers

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14
Q

ectoderm

A

is the germ layer covering the embryo’s surface, that forms the nervous system and the skin

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15
Q

Endoderm

A

is the innermost germ layer and lines the developing digestive tube, called the archenteron

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16
Q

Mesoderm

A

is the middle layer that forms the heart, kidneys, and muscles.

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17
Q

_____animals have ectoderm and endoderm

A

Diploblastic

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18
Q

_______ animals also have an intervening mesoderm layer; these include all bilaterians

A

triploblastic

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19
Q

Most triploblastic animals possess a

A

body cavity

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20
Q

A true body cavity is called a ______ and is

derived from mesoderm

A

coelom

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21
Q

_____ are animals that possess a true coelom

A

Coelomates

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22
Q

Advantages of a coelom:

A
  • Creates a medium for circulation
  • Makes space for internal organs
  • A hydrostatic skeleton • fluid-filled chamber
  • allows movement
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23
Q

pseudocoelomates

A

animals that have one

have a body cavity lined by tissue from mesoderm and by tissue derived from endoderm

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24
Q

acoelomate

A

lack a body cavity between the digestive cavity and outer body wall

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25
Q

protostome development

A

(examples: molluscs, annelids)
eight-cell stage, spiral and determinate
mouth develops from blastopore

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26
Q

Deuterostome development

A

(examples: echinoderm, chordates)
radial and indeterminate
anus develops from blastopore

27
Q

indeterminate

A

embryo cells retain the capacity to develop into a complete embryo

28
Q

In gastrulation, the developing digestive tube of an embryo initially forms as a blind pouch, the

A

archenteron

29
Q

Five key points about Animal Phylogenetic Tree:

A
  1. All animals share a common ancestor
  2. Sponges are basal animals
  3. Eumetazoa (“true animals”) is a clade of animals with
    true tissues
  4. Most animal phyla belong to the clade Bilateria
  5. There are three major clades of bilaterian animals, all of which are invertebrates, animals that lack a backbone, except Chordata, which are classified as vertebrates because they have a backbone
30
Q

Ecdysozoa

A

bilateral invertebrates

characteristics shared by nematodes, arthoprods

secrete exoskeletons

31
Q

Lophotrochozoa

A

2 different features observed- lophophore and trochophore

32
Q

lophohpore

A

a crown of ciliated tentacles that function in feeding

33
Q

trochophore larva

A

includes molluscs and annelids

34
Q

one of the characteristics unique to animals is

A

gastrulation

35
Q

the distinction between sponges and other animal phyla is based mainly on the absence vs presence of

A

tissues

36
Q

which of the following was probably the least important factor in bringing about the cambrian explosion

A

the movement of animals onto land

37
Q

based on the tree in figure 32.11 which statement in false?

A

coelomate flatworms are more closely related to the echinoderms than to annelids

38
Q

Animals probably evolved from colonial protists. How do animals differ from these protist ancestors?

A

Animals have more specialized cells.

39
Q

The animal phylum most like the protists that gave rise to the animals is _____.

A

Porifera

40
Q

A graduate student finds an organism in a pond and thinks it is a freshwater sponge. A postdoctoral student thinks it looks more like an aquatic fungus. How can they decide whether it is an animal or a fungus?

A

look for cell walls under a microscope

41
Q

Unlike other animals, sponges _____.

A

lack true tissues

42
Q

Symmetry is one of the most basic characteristics of animals. The phylum that has a different symmetry from the other three phyla listed is the ____________.

A

Porifera

43
Q

Which of the following is associated with bilateral symmetry?

A

cephalization

44
Q

“Cephalization” refers to having _____.

A

a head end

45
Q

cephalization

A

the concentration of sense organs, nervous control, etc., at the anterior end of the body, forming a head and brain, both during evolution and in the course of an embryo’s development.

46
Q

How do cnidarians and ctenophores differ from all other eumetazoans?

A

Cnidarians and ctenophores are radially symmetrical.

47
Q

All animals with bilateral symmetry have _______ germ tissue layer(s).

A

three

48
Q

Ectoderm can give rise to _______; mesoderm can give rise to ______; endoderm can give rise to _________.

A

the central nervous system … muscle … the lining of the digestive tube

49
Q

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of cnidarians?

A

mesoderm

50
Q

The difference between pseudocoelomates and coelomates is that pseudocoelomates _________, whereas coelomates _________.

A

have a body cavity partially lined with tissue derived from mesoderm … have a body cavity completely lined with tissue derived from mesoderm

51
Q

A true coelom is ____________.

A

a body cavity lined with mesoderm

52
Q

One of the primary developmental/anatomical characteristics distinguishing the major animal phyla is the condition of the body cavity. A pseudocoelomate animal is one in which the body cavity is _____.

A

bounded partly by mesoderm

53
Q

The presence of a coelom is advantageous because _____.

A

it allows room for the development and movement of internal organs

54
Q

Coelomates gave rise to _____

A

protostomes and deuterostomes

55
Q

Coeloms _____.

A

evolved independently more than once

56
Q

Zoologists place chordates and echinoderms on one major branch of the animal phylogenetic tree, and mollusks, annelids, and arthropods on another major branch. Which of the following is a basis for this separation?

A

how the body cavity is formed

57
Q

The zygotes of many protostomes undergo ______ and ______ cleavage.

A

spiral … determinate

58
Q

Which of the following is NOT a difference between protostomes and deuterostomes?

A

the presence of a body cavity

59
Q

All of the following are deuterostomes EXCEPT ____________.

A

mollusks

60
Q

An animal with a true coelom that has ____________ cleavage must be a____________.

A

indeterminate, radial … deuterostome

61
Q

Protostomous animals are those in which the _____.

A

blastopore forms the mouth

62
Q

The phrase “Cambrian explosion” refers to _____.

A

the rapid adaptive radiation that gave rise to most extant animal phyla

63
Q

Why are echinoderms a model species for studying embryonic development?

A
  1. Has a more rapid development and life history.
  2. External fertilization
  3. deuterostome development

The sea urchin embryo has long been used as a model organism to address many questions in developmental biology. The straightforward artificial spawning, fertilization and rearing, and embryo optical transparency make this organism a great resource. Also, the simple organization. Sea urchins undergo radial, reductive cleavage.

domain 2 (14 decks)

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