29 Flashcards
land plants share four key traits only with charophytes (these are ancestral traits)
- Rose-shaped complexes for cellulose synthesis
- Peroxisome enzymes
- Structure of flagellated sperm
- Formation of a phragmoplast
alternation of generations
gametophytes produce haploid gametes by mitosis; sporophytes produce spores by meiosis
(derived traits) Four traits of land plants that are not found in charophyte algae:
- Alternation of generations that includes multicellular, dependent embryos
- Walled spores produced in sporangia
- Multicellular gametangia
- Apical meristems
The diploid embryo is retained within the tissue of the female ______
gametophyte
Land plants are called ______ because of the dependency of the embryo on the parent
embryophytes
Spore walls contain ______ , which makes them resistant to harsh environments
sporopollenin
Plants sustain continual growth in their _____
apical meristems
Bryophytes
Have neither vascular tissues nor seeds • Includes – Bryophyta (mosses) – Hepatophyta (liverworts) – Anthocerophyta (hornworts)
Sporophylls
modified leaves that bear sporangia
fern sporophylls produce clusters of sporangia called
SORI
who are the common ancestors of plants?
charophytes (green algae)
what are the characteristics of kingdom plantae?
multicellular, eukaryotic, photosynthesis, photoautotrophs, cellulose, alteration of generations
gametophytes produce _____ by ______
haploid gametes; mitosis
sporophytes produce ______ by ______
haploid spores; meiosis
what are derived traits of land plants?
- Alternation of generations that includes multicellular, dependent embryos
- Walled spores produced in sporangia
- Multicellular gametangia
- Apical meristems
Diploid cells called ______ undergo meiosis to generate haploid spores
sporocytes
The sporophyte produces spores in organs called ______
sporangia
bryophyta
true mosses.
Most thrive in moist habitats
rhizoids anchor the plant
produce asexually
what anchors the plant in bryophyta?
rhizoids
Sperm produced in ______ and eggs produced in _____
antheridia; archegonia
Bryophytes have life cycles dominated by ______
gametophytes
Hepatophyta
liverworts
“leaves” are similar to mosses,
but have two rounded lobes.
Hepatophyta has:
Thallus = a body without roots, stems, or leaves
• Have air pores (not stomata)
where is the asexual reproduction in Hepatophyta?
Asexual reproduction with gemmae in gemmae cups
Anthocerophyta
hornwort
Lack seta, sporangium releases spores by splitting open…starting at the tip of the horn
• Stomata
whats different with the vascular plants?
- Shift towards sporophyte dominance
- Vascular tissue
– including absorptive roots - The evolution of leaves ─ Microphyllis
─ Macrophyllis - Sporophylls and strobili
______-dominant life cycle of ferns
sporophyte
what is the difference with the Transport in Xylem and Phloem?
xylem vessel: one way flow; no end between walls; water and minerals, thick walls stiffened with ligin
Phloem vessel: 2 way flow; cells with end walls, water and food
in lycophytes and gymnosperms, groups of sporophylls form cone- like structures ______
STROBILI
what are the two phyla of seedless vascular plants:
– Phylum Lycophyta includes club mosses, spike mosses, and quillworts
– Phylum Equisetophyta includes horsetails
– Phylum Pterophyta (aka Pteridophyta) includes
ferns and “fern allies”: whisk ferns and their relatives
– **PLEASE NOTE: your text now lumps equisetophyta and pterophyta into 1 phylum: Monilophyta
Phylum Lycophyta
- Club mosses, quillworts, and spike mosses (not mosses!!)
- Sporophytes have microphylls
- Some are homosporous, some are heterosporous
Phylum Monilophyta (formerly Equisetophyta)
“horsetails”
• Stems jointed and ribbed, leaves in whorls at nodes
• Reproduce asexually be fragmentation
• again,now lumped with ferns in Monilophyta
Which of the following is not evidence that charophytes are the closest algal relatives of plants?
the presence of chloroplasts
Which of the following characteristics of plants is absent in their closest relatives, the charophyte algae?
alternation of multicellular generations
In plants, which of the following are produced by meiosis?
haploid spores
Microphylls are found in which plant group?
lycophytes
Which of the following is a land plant that has flagellated sperm and a sporophyte-dominated life cycle?
fern
Suppose an efficient conducting system evolved in a moss that could transport water and other materials as high as a tall tree. Which of the following statements about “trees” of such a species would not be true?
Females could produce only one archegonium.
mycelium
the vegetative part of a fungus, consisting of a network of fine white filaments (hyphae).
Land plants arose during the _____.
Cretaceous
The closest algal relatives of land plants are _____.
charophyceans
Modern plants probably evolved from _____
charophyceans
The diploid generation of the plant life cycle always _____.
produces spores
Most bryophytes, such as mosses, differ from all other plants in that they _____.
lack vascular tissue
Bryophytes are small because __________.
they are avascular
The diploid sporophyte stage is dominant in the life cycle of all of the following EXCEPT _____.
a moss
In contrast to bryophytes, in vascular plants the dominant stage of the life cycle is the _____.
sporophyte
Seedless plants include __________.
all of the above
During the Carboniferous period, forests consisting mainly of ____ produced vast quantities of organic matter, which was buried and later became coal.
ferns and other seedless plants
Which of these was the dominant plant group at the time that dinosaurs were the dominant animals?
gymnosperms
Plants evolved from green algae approximately _____ million years ago.
475
_____ are an example of seedless vascular plants
ferns
The closest living relatives of the first plants to bear gametangia are the _____
bryophytes
Which of these characteristics is shared by algae and seed plants?
chloroplasts
In moss, _____ produce sperm.
antheridia
The sperm produced by mosses require _____ to reach an archegonium.
moisture
In the moss life cycle _____ cells within a sporangium undergo _____ to produce _____ spores.
diploid … meiosis … haploid
In mosses gametes are produced by _____; in ferns gametes are produced by _____.
mitosis … mitosis
Where do fern antheridia develop?
on the underside of the gametophyte
The conspicuous part of a fern plant is a _____.
diploid sporophyte
Which of the following is NOT a difference between algae and plants?
Plant cells have rigid cellulose walls and algal cells do not.
Which of the following is NOT a homology shared by land plants and their closest living algal relatives?
the presence of cuticle on the surface of leaves
In ferns the leaves are called _____.
fronds
Which of the following produce eggs and sperm?
moss gametophytes
Alternation of generations _____.
is distinguished by haploid and diploid stages that are both multicellular
The development of the __________ allowed plants to exist on land. Algae do not have this feature.
cuticle
Gametangia are__________.
single-celled in algae, multicellular in most plants
What structures allow plants to readily take up carbon dioxide from the atmosphere?
stomata
Vascular tissues of plants include __________.
xylem for conducting water and minerals, and phloem for conducting dissolved organic molecules
Most plant systematists believe that, of all the bryophytes, _____ are most closely related to vascular plants.
mosses
Small nonvascular plants that lack a specialized conduction system are called __________.
bryophytes
_______ is found in woody tissues; _______ protect(s) pollen grains from environmental damage.
Lignin … sporopollenin
The gametophyte stage of the plant life cycle is most conspicuous in _____.
mosses
When you see a green, “leafy” moss, you are looking at the _____.
gametophyte generation
The gametophyte generation of a moss _____,
is haploid
The innovation essential to the survival of bryophytes on land was _____.
the retention of the egg within the archegonium
How are gametes produced by bryophytes?
by mitosis of gametophyte cells
Which of the following are nonvascular but have adaptations that green algae lack (such as a cuticle and stomata)?
mosses
All heterosporous plants produce _____.
megaspores that develop into female gametophytes and microspores that develop into male gametophytes
Lycophytes are better adapted to life on land than true mosses because lycophytes have something that true mosses lack. What is it?
vascular tissues for the transport of water and nutrients from the soil
Strolling through the woods, you would be least likely to notice which of the following?
a fern gametophyte
Ferns and mosses are mostly limited to moist environments because _____.
they have swimming sperm
In cells entering prophase of mitosis in the gametophyte of a fern species that has a diploid number (2n) of 14, there would be _____.
7 chromosomes, each chromosome consisting of two chromatids
A fern differs from a moss in that it has _____.
an independent sporophyte
Both mosses and ferns possess _____.
a free-living gametophyte
To examine meiosis in ferns, you would study _____.
the sporangia
Outdoors, where would you look for a fern gametophyte?
on moist soil
Fern gametophytes are _____.
free-living, multicellular organisms
The fern gametophyte is called a _____.
prothallus
Sporophyte is diploid (2n) and then undergoes ____
meiosis
Challenges of aquatic organisms moving to the land? What are the challenges and the solutions?
o Prevent water loss- cuticle- waxy coat
o Gas exchange- stomata
o Defy gravity- sprawling growth- first land plants were small and grew in a way to keep cells in contact with moist soil
o Competition for space- vascular tissue- transport water from roots to aboveground tissues
o Protect gametes- elaborate reproductive structures to protect gametes- pollen, seeds, flowers
what are nonvascular plants?
liverworts, hornworts, mosses (bryotphytes)
Describe the evidence that supports the hypothesis that land plants evolved from green algae.
- Rings of cellulose synthesizing proteins
- Structure of flagellated sperm
- Formation of a phragmoplast
- Peroxisome enzymes
derived trait
- A derived trait is a trait that the current organism has, and previous one didn’t.
gametophytes produce haploid gametes by _____ ; sporophytes produce haploid spores by ______
mitosis;meiosis
what are challenges and solutions that transitioned organisms from aquatic to terrestrial environments?
- prevent water loss= cuticle
- gas exchange = stomata
- defy gravity = sprawling growth
- competition for space= vascular tissue
- protect gametes = reproductive structures (pollen, flower, seeds)
