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29 Flashcards

1
Q

land plants share four key traits only with charophytes (these are ancestral traits)

A
  1. Rose-shaped complexes for cellulose synthesis
  2. Peroxisome enzymes
  3. Structure of flagellated sperm
  4. Formation of a phragmoplast
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2
Q

alternation of generations

A

gametophytes produce haploid gametes by mitosis; sporophytes produce spores by meiosis

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3
Q

(derived traits) Four traits of land plants that are not found in charophyte algae:

A
  1. Alternation of generations that includes multicellular, dependent embryos
  2. Walled spores produced in sporangia
  3. Multicellular gametangia
  4. Apical meristems
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4
Q

The diploid embryo is retained within the tissue of the female ______

A

gametophyte

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5
Q

Land plants are called ______ because of the dependency of the embryo on the parent

A

embryophytes

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6
Q

Spore walls contain ______ , which makes them resistant to harsh environments

A

sporopollenin

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7
Q

Plants sustain continual growth in their _____

A

apical meristems

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8
Q

Bryophytes

A 
Have neither vascular tissues nor seeds
• Includes
– Bryophyta (mosses)
– Hepatophyta (liverworts)
– Anthocerophyta (hornworts)
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9
Q

Sporophylls

A

modified leaves that bear sporangia

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10
Q

fern sporophylls produce clusters of sporangia called

A

SORI

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11
Q

who are the common ancestors of plants?

A

charophytes (green algae)

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12
Q

what are the characteristics of kingdom plantae?

A

multicellular, eukaryotic, photosynthesis, photoautotrophs, cellulose, alteration of generations

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13
Q

gametophytes produce _____ by ______

A

haploid gametes; mitosis

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14
Q

sporophytes produce ______ by ______

A

haploid spores; meiosis

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15
Q

what are derived traits of land plants?

A
  1. Alternation of generations that includes multicellular, dependent embryos
  2. Walled spores produced in sporangia
  3. Multicellular gametangia
  4. Apical meristems
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16
Q

Diploid cells called ______ undergo meiosis to generate haploid spores

A

sporocytes

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17
Q

The sporophyte produces spores in organs called ______

A

sporangia

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18
Q

bryophyta

A

true mosses.
Most thrive in moist habitats

rhizoids anchor the plant

produce asexually

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19
Q

what anchors the plant in bryophyta?

A

rhizoids

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20
Q

Sperm produced in ______ and eggs produced in _____

A

antheridia; archegonia

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21
Q

Bryophytes have life cycles dominated by ______

A

gametophytes

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22
Q

Hepatophyta

A

liverworts

“leaves” are similar to mosses,
but have two rounded lobes.

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23
Q

Hepatophyta has:

A

Thallus = a body without roots, stems, or leaves

• Have air pores (not stomata)

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24
Q

where is the asexual reproduction in Hepatophyta?

A

Asexual reproduction with gemmae in gemmae cups

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25
Q

Anthocerophyta

A

hornwort

Lack seta, sporangium releases spores by splitting open…starting at the tip of the horn

• Stomata

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26
Q

whats different with the vascular plants?

A
  1. Shift towards sporophyte dominance
  2. Vascular tissue
    – including absorptive roots
  3. The evolution of leaves ─ Microphyllis
    ─ Macrophyllis
  4. Sporophylls and strobili
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27
Q

______-dominant life cycle of ferns

A

sporophyte

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28
Q

what is the difference with the Transport in Xylem and Phloem?

A

xylem vessel: one way flow; no end between walls; water and minerals, thick walls stiffened with ligin

Phloem vessel: 2 way flow; cells with end walls, water and food

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29
Q

in lycophytes and gymnosperms, groups of sporophylls form cone- like structures ______

A

STROBILI

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30
Q

what are the two phyla of seedless vascular plants:

A

– Phylum Lycophyta includes club mosses, spike mosses, and quillworts
– Phylum Equisetophyta includes horsetails
– Phylum Pterophyta (aka Pteridophyta) includes
ferns and “fern allies”: whisk ferns and their relatives

– **PLEASE NOTE: your text now lumps equisetophyta and pterophyta into 1 phylum: Monilophyta

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31
Q

Phylum Lycophyta

A
  • Club mosses, quillworts, and spike mosses (not mosses!!)
  • Sporophytes have microphylls
  • Some are homosporous, some are heterosporous
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32
Q

Phylum Monilophyta (formerly Equisetophyta)

A

“horsetails”
• Stems jointed and ribbed, leaves in whorls at nodes
• Reproduce asexually be fragmentation
• again,now lumped with ferns in Monilophyta

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33
Q

Which of the following is not evidence that charophytes are the closest algal relatives of plants?

A

the presence of chloroplasts

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34
Q

Which of the following characteristics of plants is absent in their closest relatives, the charophyte algae?

A

alternation of multicellular generations

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35
Q

In plants, which of the following are produced by meiosis?

A

haploid spores

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36
Q

Microphylls are found in which plant group?

A

lycophytes

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37
Q

Which of the following is a land plant that has flagellated sperm and a sporophyte-dominated life cycle?

A

fern

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38
Q

Suppose an efficient conducting system evolved in a moss that could transport water and other materials as high as a tall tree. Which of the following statements about “trees” of such a species would not be true?

A

Females could produce only one archegonium.

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39
Q

mycelium

A

the vegetative part of a fungus, consisting of a network of fine white filaments (hyphae).

40
Q

Land plants arose during the _____.

A

Cretaceous

41
Q

The closest algal relatives of land plants are _____.

A

charophyceans

42
Q

Modern plants probably evolved from _____

A

charophyceans

43
Q

The diploid generation of the plant life cycle always _____.

A

produces spores

44
Q

Most bryophytes, such as mosses, differ from all other plants in that they _____.

A

lack vascular tissue

45
Q

Bryophytes are small because __________.

A

they are avascular

46
Q

The diploid sporophyte stage is dominant in the life cycle of all of the following EXCEPT _____.

A

a moss

47
Q

In contrast to bryophytes, in vascular plants the dominant stage of the life cycle is the _____.

A

sporophyte

48
Q

Seedless plants include __________.

A

all of the above

49
Q

During the Carboniferous period, forests consisting mainly of ____ produced vast quantities of organic matter, which was buried and later became coal.

A

ferns and other seedless plants

50
Q

Which of these was the dominant plant group at the time that dinosaurs were the dominant animals?

A

gymnosperms

51
Q

Plants evolved from green algae approximately _____ million years ago.

A

475

52
Q

_____ are an example of seedless vascular plants

A

ferns

53
Q

The closest living relatives of the first plants to bear gametangia are the _____

A

bryophytes

54
Q

Which of these characteristics is shared by algae and seed plants?

A

chloroplasts

55
Q

In moss, _____ produce sperm.

A

antheridia

56
Q

The sperm produced by mosses require _____ to reach an archegonium.

A

moisture

57
Q

In the moss life cycle _____ cells within a sporangium undergo _____ to produce _____ spores.

A

diploid … meiosis … haploid

58
Q

In mosses gametes are produced by _____; in ferns gametes are produced by _____.

A

mitosis … mitosis

59
Q

Where do fern antheridia develop?

A

on the underside of the gametophyte

60
Q

The conspicuous part of a fern plant is a _____.

A

diploid sporophyte

61
Q

Which of the following is NOT a difference between algae and plants?

A

Plant cells have rigid cellulose walls and algal cells do not.

62
Q

Which of the following is NOT a homology shared by land plants and their closest living algal relatives?

A

the presence of cuticle on the surface of leaves

63
Q

In ferns the leaves are called _____.

A

fronds

64
Q

Which of the following produce eggs and sperm?

A

moss gametophytes

65
Q

Alternation of generations _____.

A

is distinguished by haploid and diploid stages that are both multicellular

66
Q

The development of the __________ allowed plants to exist on land. Algae do not have this feature.

A

cuticle

67
Q

Gametangia are__________.

A

single-celled in algae, multicellular in most plants

68
Q

What structures allow plants to readily take up carbon dioxide from the atmosphere?

A

stomata

69
Q

Vascular tissues of plants include __________.

A

xylem for conducting water and minerals, and phloem for conducting dissolved organic molecules

70
Q

Most plant systematists believe that, of all the bryophytes, _____ are most closely related to vascular plants.

A

mosses

71
Q

Small nonvascular plants that lack a specialized conduction system are called __________.

A

bryophytes

72
Q

_______ is found in woody tissues; _______ protect(s) pollen grains from environmental damage.

A

Lignin … sporopollenin

73
Q

The gametophyte stage of the plant life cycle is most conspicuous in _____.

A

mosses

74
Q

When you see a green, “leafy” moss, you are looking at the _____.

A

gametophyte generation

75
Q

The gametophyte generation of a moss _____,

A

is haploid

76
Q

The innovation essential to the survival of bryophytes on land was _____.

A

the retention of the egg within the archegonium

77
Q

How are gametes produced by bryophytes?

A

by mitosis of gametophyte cells

78
Q

Which of the following are nonvascular but have adaptations that green algae lack (such as a cuticle and stomata)?

A

mosses

79
Q

All heterosporous plants produce _____.

A

megaspores that develop into female gametophytes and microspores that develop into male gametophytes

80
Q

Lycophytes are better adapted to life on land than true mosses because lycophytes have something that true mosses lack. What is it?

A

vascular tissues for the transport of water and nutrients from the soil

81
Q

Strolling through the woods, you would be least likely to notice which of the following?

A

a fern gametophyte

82
Q

Ferns and mosses are mostly limited to moist environments because _____.

A

they have swimming sperm

83
Q

In cells entering prophase of mitosis in the gametophyte of a fern species that has a diploid number (2n) of 14, there would be _____.

A

7 chromosomes, each chromosome consisting of two chromatids

84
Q

A fern differs from a moss in that it has _____.

A

an independent sporophyte

85
Q

Both mosses and ferns possess _____.

A

a free-living gametophyte

86
Q

To examine meiosis in ferns, you would study _____.

A

the sporangia

87
Q

Outdoors, where would you look for a fern gametophyte?

A

on moist soil

88
Q

Fern gametophytes are _____.

A

free-living, multicellular organisms

89
Q

The fern gametophyte is called a _____.

A

prothallus

90
Q

Sporophyte is diploid (2n) and then undergoes ____

A

meiosis

91
Q

Challenges of aquatic organisms moving to the land? What are the challenges and the solutions?

A

o Prevent water loss- cuticle- waxy coat
o Gas exchange- stomata
o Defy gravity- sprawling growth- first land plants were small and grew in a way to keep cells in contact with moist soil
o Competition for space- vascular tissue- transport water from roots to aboveground tissues
o Protect gametes- elaborate reproductive structures to protect gametes- pollen, seeds, flowers

92
Q

what are nonvascular plants?

A

liverworts, hornworts, mosses (bryotphytes)

93
Q

Describe the evidence that supports the hypothesis that land plants evolved from green algae.

A
  • Rings of cellulose synthesizing proteins
  • Structure of flagellated sperm
  • Formation of a phragmoplast
  • Peroxisome enzymes
94
Q

derived trait

A
  • A derived trait is a trait that the current organism has, and previous one didn’t.
95
Q

gametophytes produce haploid gametes by _____ ; sporophytes produce haploid spores by ______

A

mitosis;meiosis

96
Q

what are challenges and solutions that transitioned organisms from aquatic to terrestrial environments?

A
  1. prevent water loss= cuticle
  2. gas exchange = stomata
  3. defy gravity = sprawling growth
  4. competition for space= vascular tissue
  5. protect gametes = reproductive structures (pollen, flower, seeds)

domain 2 (14 decks)

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